Class Notes Intro. to Gen. Psychology (1st SEM - Finals)

MOTIVE AND DRIVE – both generally refer WITHDRAWAL REFLEX – a spinal reflex
to any internal stimulus condition of the intended to protect the body from damaging
organism that propel it to activity. stimuli.
(Motive is the reason for behavior, while drive FREE NERVE ENDINGS – are specialized
is the action that keeps a person going.) sensory receptors that serve as our primary
sense organs for pain.
MOTIVATION – the driving force behind
behavior that leads us to pursue some things REST AND SLEEP – when fatigue is
and avoid others. (Drew Western) emotionally based, rest will not bring relief.
When fatigue is physically induced, rest
2 MAIN ASPECTS OF MOTIVATED
brings a cessation of the stimulation of
BEHAVIOR
fatigue.
1. Activating and Energizing
REST – a period of relaxation or inactivity,
2. Directional
where the body and mind are at ease.
BIOLOGICAL DRIVES – associated with
SLEEP – a specific state of altered
biological needs that produce a restless
consciousness characterized by reduced
activity which continues until tissue needs are
sensory responsiveness and relative inactivity
satisfied.
of voluntary muscles.
CLARK HULL – explained motivation in
FATIGUE – a feeling of constant exhaustion,
terms of biological needs that must be met if
burnout or lack of energy.
organisms are to survive.
SEX – stems from physiological processes
DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY – a theory of
and renders the organism’s behavior
learning in which the goal of motivated
selective and directional. It is not a vital
behavior is a reduction of a drive state.
motive and is dealt with special social
HOMEOSTASIS – the tendency to maintain restriction and control.
internal body balance or state of equilibrium.
PSYCHOSOCIAL MOTIVES – are acquired
DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL and learned from past experiences.
NEEDS
AFFILIATION – the need for the company of
HUNGER – Stomach contractions produce others.
the awareness of hunger in human beings at
DEPENDENCY – the need to have others to
the same time arouse specific actions.
look up to, to turn to for help or to be
THIRST – a regulatory device which serves accepted and loved.
to control the intake of water into the body.
SOCIAL APPROVAL – the need for the
AIR HUNGER – is relatively unimportant as a approval of others; for what we do.
motive since it is easy to get. A sensation of a
STATUS – the need to achieve status. Social
strong urge to breathe or a feeling of severe
position or standing.
breathlessness.
SECURITY – being able to hold on to what
WARMTH AND COLD – regarded as drives
one has. A state of being safe or feeling of
since they serve as powerful motives that
being confident in one's relationships or
keep a person striving to maintain them at a
family.
satisfactory level.
POWER – the desire for recognition, to be
PAIN – acts as a drive because pain indicates
influential and in control.
a danger to the organism and is related to the
need for protection or safety. COMPLEX MOTIVES – the intricate and
multifaceted reasons or drives that influence
people’s behavior.

, FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY OF MOTIVE – 1. Existence
the motives or reasons for doing something 2. Relatedness
can change and become more complex as 3. Growth
we go along (Gordon Allport).
THEORY OF INSTINCT – Asserts that
UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVES – we are often humans are motivated by several instincts.
not aware of our goals, and we are unable to
INSTINCTS – innate tendencies or biological
explain why we seek them.
forces that determine behavior.
REPRESSION – the unconscious blocking of
3 PARTS OF INSTINCTS
unpleasant memories. (Freud)
1. A perception or thought
CONCLUSIONS
2. An Emotion
1. Different people perform the same 3. A desire to act
action but for different motives.
FIXED ACTION PATTERN – an innate
2. A single act often has several motives.
biological force that predisposes an organism
THEORIES OF HUMAN MOTIVATION to behave in a fixed way in the presence of a
specific environmental condition. Automatic
1. BEHAVIOR THEORY - a few motives
and involuntary, and once triggered, they will
acquired in early infancy proliferate
continue to completion even if the stimulus is
into the behavior system in later life.
removed. (Example: When a cat smells its
(Whiting & Child)
urine, it will bury its waste in cat litter.)
CLASSIFICATION OF ADULT BEHAVIOR
DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY – asserts that
 Oral living organisms have certain needs that must
 Anal be met if they are to survive.
 Sexual
AROUSAL THEORY - a person's state of
 Dependency
alertness and mental and physical activation.
 Aggression
2. THEORY OF UNCONSCIOUS YERKES-DODSON LAW - There is a close
MOTIVATION - Unconscious motives link between arousal and performance.
are manifested in the form of dreams, (Summary: The optimal level of arousal for
mannerisms, slips of the tongue and performing a task depends on the task's
symptoms of neurosis. difficulty.)
3. COGNITIVE THEORY OF
EATING DISORDERS - type of serious
MOTIVATION – argues that goals
mental health condition characterized by
control behavior. Behavior is a result of
severe disturbances in eating behaviors and
cognitive processes, such as
related thoughts and emotions.
interpreting information and making
decisions. ANOREXIA NERVOSA - an intense fear of
gaining weight.
3 MAIN FACTORS OF COGNITIVE THEORY
OF MOTIVATION BIGOREXIA - the constant pressure to be
muscular and have an athletic build.
1. Their motive to achieve
2. Their expectation of success BULIMIA NERVOSA - people with this
3. The value of the goal disorder binges and purges.
ABRAHAM MASLOW – arranged human CAUSES OF EATING DISORDERS
needs in a hierarchy from stronger and lower
1. PARENTAL ATTITUDES - a parent's
to weaker and higher.
frame of mind and involvement in their
CLAYTON ALDERFER – Identified 3 sets of child's life.
needs: