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ATI TEAS 7 Biology Review.
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Macromolecules:
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Carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Acid, Protein, Enzyme
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Carbohydrate: Sugars and starches which body breaks down to glucose
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● Structural function: cellulose and chitin
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● Energy storage: amylose, amylopectin, glycogen
● Recognition molecules: glycoproteins and glycolipids
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Sp
Lipids: Fatty acids and their derivatives that are soluble in water
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● H and C and main components
● Fats
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● Hydrophobic- thus help separate aqueous compartments
● Store energy (fats, oils, adipose)
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Protein: Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
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● Monomer: amino acids (amino group + carboxylic acid)(20 types)
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● Keratin and Collagen (hydrophobic)- not soluble in water, found in structural protein
● Globular proteins are hydrophilic (hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes)
● Function as transport carries or signal transfer la
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Nucleic Acids: Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA
● DNA stores genetic material
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● Chromosomes
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● RNA is a messenger (mRNA) also rRNA and tRNA
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Enzymes: Class of protein that catalyze biochemical reactions
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● Not consumed in reaction
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● Speed up reaction by lowering activation energy
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● Exergonic: release energy
● Endergonic: require energy
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●
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Energy is supplied and released as ATP
● Lock and Key (substrate must fit into enzymes active site)
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DNA and RNA
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DNA: macromolecule that contains coded instructions for the body to
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produce proteins
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● Nucleotide: the building block of DNA and RNA
● Nitrogenous Base: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine
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● Purines: Adenine and Guanine
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● Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine
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● Codon: Agroup of 3 nitrogenous bases used to synthesize amino
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acids (Synthesized from RNA during TRANSLATION)
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● Hydrogen Bonds: Connect a Purine to a Pyrimidine (A-T) and (C-G). Non-covalent, weak.
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o RNA: Uracil replaces Thymine
● Double Helix structure
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● Coded or read 5'→3'
● Sugar(pentose)-Phosphate backbone (deoxyribose and phosphate group- bound to 4 oxygen
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atoms)
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DNA Replication
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DNA Helicase: Unzips and Unwinds DNA strand
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DNA Primase: Generates RNA Primer. Act as a template for starting point of DNA Replication
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DNA Polymerase: Synthesize new DNA molecules by adding nucleotides to leading and lagging DNA
strands in 5'→3' direction
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Topoisomerase: Prevents supercoiling
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DNA Ligase: Joins DNA fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides
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Okazaki Fragment: Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging strand
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Single Strand Binding Protein: Stabilize structure during replication
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Leading Strand: Replicated continuously in the 3' to 5' direction
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Lagging Strand: Replicated discontinuously in short sections
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replica
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G2)
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Prophase
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Metaphase
Mitosis = “daughter cell” exact
Interphase (G1, S,
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Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
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Cell Cycle
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● Meiosis = “daughter cells” different genetic coding
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o Only happens in gametes*
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o 1st phase
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● chromosomes cross over
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● genetic material exchanged
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● tetrads of 4 chromatids formed
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□ Homologous pairs of chromatids are separated and go to different poles
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□2 cells go through 2nd cell division
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□ 4 daughter cells with different sets of chromosomes
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● Haploid : contains half genetic material of parent cell
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● Zygote- controls cell differentiation
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Tissues
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¾ groups of cells
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¾ Muscle, nerve, epithelial, connective
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1. Epithelial: (joined together tightly) ex. Skin
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2. Connective: (dense, loose, or fatty) ex. Bone tissue, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat,
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blood, lymph
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□Protects & binds body parts
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a. Cartilage: cushions & provides structural support
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i. Fibrous
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b. Blood: transports oxygen to cells & removes waste / ALSO carries hormones &
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ne
ATI TEAS 7 Biology Review.
tz
sh
ne
la
tz
sh
Sp
Macromolecules:
ne
la
Carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Acid, Protein, Enzyme
tz
sh
Sp
Carbohydrate: Sugars and starches which body breaks down to glucose
ne
● Structural function: cellulose and chitin
la
● Energy storage: amylose, amylopectin, glycogen
● Recognition molecules: glycoproteins and glycolipids
tz
sh
Sp
Lipids: Fatty acids and their derivatives that are soluble in water
ne
la
● H and C and main components
● Fats
tz
sh
Sp
● Hydrophobic- thus help separate aqueous compartments
● Store energy (fats, oils, adipose)
ne
la
Protein: Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
tz
sh
● Monomer: amino acids (amino group + carboxylic acid)(20 types)
Sp
ne
● Keratin and Collagen (hydrophobic)- not soluble in water, found in structural protein
● Globular proteins are hydrophilic (hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes)
● Function as transport carries or signal transfer la
tz
sh
Sp
Nucleic Acids: Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA
● DNA stores genetic material
ne
la
● Chromosomes
tz
● RNA is a messenger (mRNA) also rRNA and tRNA
sh
Sp
Enzymes: Class of protein that catalyze biochemical reactions
ne
la
● Not consumed in reaction
tz
● Speed up reaction by lowering activation energy
sh
Sp
● Exergonic: release energy
● Endergonic: require energy
ne
●
la
Energy is supplied and released as ATP
● Lock and Key (substrate must fit into enzymes active site)
tz
sh
Sp
DNA and RNA
ne
DNA: macromolecule that contains coded instructions for the body to
la
produce proteins
tz
sh
Sp
● Nucleotide: the building block of DNA and RNA
● Nitrogenous Base: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine
ne
● Purines: Adenine and Guanine
la
● Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine
tz
● Codon: Agroup of 3 nitrogenous bases used to synthesize amino
sh
Sp
acids (Synthesized from RNA during TRANSLATION)
ne
● Hydrogen Bonds: Connect a Purine to a Pyrimidine (A-T) and (C-G). Non-covalent, weak.
la
o RNA: Uracil replaces Thymine
● Double Helix structure
sh
Sp
la
, t
ne
● Coded or read 5'→3'
● Sugar(pentose)-Phosphate backbone (deoxyribose and phosphate group- bound to 4 oxygen
tz
sh
atoms)
ne
DNA Replication
la
DNA Helicase: Unzips and Unwinds DNA strand
tz
sh
Sp
DNA Primase: Generates RNA Primer. Act as a template for starting point of DNA Replication
ne
la
DNA Polymerase: Synthesize new DNA molecules by adding nucleotides to leading and lagging DNA
strands in 5'→3' direction
tz
sh
Sp
Topoisomerase: Prevents supercoiling
ne
la
DNA Ligase: Joins DNA fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides
tz
Okazaki Fragment: Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging strand
sh
Sp
Single Strand Binding Protein: Stabilize structure during replication
ne
la
Leading Strand: Replicated continuously in the 3' to 5' direction
tz
sh
Sp
Lagging Strand: Replicated discontinuously in short sections
ne
la
tz
sh
Sp
ne
la
tz
sh
Sp
ne
la
tz
sh
Sp
ne
la
tz
sh
Sp
ne
la
tz
sh
Sp
ne
la
tz
sh
Sp
ne
la
tz
sh
Sp
ne
la
sh
Sp
la
,Sp Sp Sp Sp Sp Sp Sp
●
la la la la la la la
replica
sh sh sh sh sh sh sh
o
o
o
G2)
ne ne ne ne ne ne ne
Prophase
tz tz tz tz tz tz
Metaphase
Mitosis = “daughter cell” exact
Interphase (G1, S,
o
o
o
Sp Sp Sp Sp Sp Sp
la la la la la la
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
sh sh sh sh sh sh
ne ne ne ne ne ne
tz tz tz tz tz tz
, ne
tz
sh
Cell Cycle
ne
la
tz
sh
Sp
● Meiosis = “daughter cells” different genetic coding
ne
la
o Only happens in gametes*
tz
sh
Sp
o 1st phase
ne
la
● chromosomes cross over
tz
sh
Sp
● genetic material exchanged
ne
la
● tetrads of 4 chromatids formed
tz
sh
Sp
□ Homologous pairs of chromatids are separated and go to different poles
ne
la
□2 cells go through 2nd cell division
tz
sh
Sp
□ 4 daughter cells with different sets of chromosomes
ne
la
● Haploid : contains half genetic material of parent cell
tz
sh
Sp
● Zygote- controls cell differentiation
ne
la
tz
sh
Sp
Tissues
ne
la
¾ groups of cells
tz
sh
Sp
¾ Muscle, nerve, epithelial, connective
ne
1. Epithelial: (joined together tightly) ex. Skin
la
tz
sh
2. Connective: (dense, loose, or fatty) ex. Bone tissue, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat,
Sp
ne
blood, lymph
la
tz
sh
□Protects & binds body parts
Sp
ne
a. Cartilage: cushions & provides structural support
la
tz
sh
i. Fibrous
Sp
ne
b. Blood: transports oxygen to cells & removes waste / ALSO carries hormones &
la
sh
Sp
la
Sp
