Microbiology Exam 4 Mastering Homework Question and Answers
Chapters 11, 12, 13, 14
Microbiology Final Exam Mastering Questions and Answers
Chapter 11 - Innate Immunity
1. Which of the following statements accurately describes innate immunity?
a. Innate immunity remembers specific antigens and amplifies response upon later exposure.
Aka “non-specific immunity” because the immune response does not change based on the
pathogen being fought, happens immediately, and does not result in memory or a stronger
secondary immune response.
b. Innate immunity has immediate response to antigens.
c. Innate immunity is only found in vertebrates. Found in all eukaryotic organisms.
d. Innate Immunity has the capacity to distinguish foreign verses self.
2. The hygiene hypothesis proposes which of the following:
a. Newborns and young children should be exposed to as many disease-causing
microorganisms as possible to train their immune system to attack pathogens
b. Reducing the number of resident flora on our skin through determination techniques
decreases the likelihood of infection
c. Decreased hand washing in clinical setting may help to combat the rise in exogenous,
antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections.
d. Decreasing diversity of our normal flora from increased antibiotic usage and
changes in diet and lifestyle may lead to increased allergies and autoimmune
disorders.
3. Which of the following does NOT describe adaptive immunity?
a. Only in vertebrate animals.
b. Recognizes pathogens it previously fought, allowing for quicker and more aggressive
defense mobilization upon later exposures to the same agent
c. Matures over time
d. Evolved more recently
e. Generalized responses that don’t vary based on the pathogen being fought
4. Which of the following features are shared between both innate and adaptive immunity?
a. Recognize diverse pathogens, eliminate identified invaders, and discriminate
between self and foreign antigens
b. Recognize diverse pathogens and eliminate identified invaders
c. Discriminate between self and foreign antigens
d. Respond immediately and remembers antigens
e. Response immediately, remember antigens, and exist in all eukaryotic organisms.
5. Which of the following is an example of a mechanical barrier?
a. Lysozyme found in breast milk breaks down bacterial cell walls.
b. Antimicrobial peptides made by leukocytes are used to destroy pathogens throughout the
body.
c. The mucociliary escalator sweeps mucus away from the lungs and toward the
mouth.
d. Epithelial cells block pathogen entry into the skin. Physical barrier
6. The general goal of first-line defenses is to
a. Weaken pathogens
b. Isolate pathogens
c. Prevent pathogen entry
d. Destroy pathogens
e. Tag intruders with a signaling molecule to identify them as foreign.
f.
7. Which of the following is an example of a chemical barrier?
a. Antimicrobial peptides
b. Tears
c. Skin
d. Urine
e. Mucus.
8. Antimicrobial peptides can do all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Target intracellular components.
b. Insert themselves into target cell membranes.
, c. Stimulate leukocytes.
d. Regulate body temperature.
e. Disrupt plasma membrane and/or cell wall.
9. Which of the following is part of the second line of defense?
a. Leukocytes.
b. Molecular factors such as chemokines.
c. Chemical barriers such as lysozyme.
d. Physical barriers such as skin.
i. The first line of defense = chemical, mechanical, and physical barriers to prevent
pathogen entry, second line of defense = leukocytes and molecular factors such as
chemokines and are initiated once a pathogen gains entry into the body, third line of
defense = the adaptive immune response.
10. Which of the following statements accurately describes the way(s) in which granulated and
agranulocytosis differ?
a. Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm that are visible with light
microscope, whereas agranulocytes do not have granules in their cytoplasm.
b. Granulocytes typically have in-lobed nuclei, whereas agranulocytes typically have nuclei
with lobed appearance.
c. Granulocytes mediate acquired immunity, and agranulocytes are involved in the innate
immune response.
d. Granulocytes consist of neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils,
whereas agranulocytes consist of lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and monocytes.
11. What are the two categories of second-line defenses?
a. Mucus and lysozyme
b. Platelets and red blood cells
c. Red blood cells and antibodies
d. Antibodies and platelets
e. Assorted molecular factors and leukocytes
12. What is edema?
a. The hardening of infected lymph nodes.
b. Irregular heart palpitations.
c. The spreading of a pathogen from the circulatory system to the lymphatic system.
d. When a capillary bursts and is releasing fluid under the skin.
e. Tissue swelling.
13. Which of the following are primary lymphoid tissues?
a. Spleen and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
b. Lymph nodes and spleen.
c. Bone marrow and mucosa-associated lymphatic lymphoid tissue.
d. Thymus and bone marrow.
e. Thymus and lymph nodes.
14. Secondary lymphoid tissues:
a. Are where leukocytes mature.
b. Are monocytes and dendritic cells
c. Are where formed elements in blood are produced.
d. Are neutrophils and eosinophils
e. Filter lymph and sample surrounding body sites for antigens which are brought
into contact with the leukocytes that reside in secondary lymphoid tissues to
stimulate an immune response.
15. What is the general classification used to categorize leukocytes?
a. It depends on the age of the cell, as all agranulocytes start off as Granulocytes and later
change their function and structure over the life of the cell.
b. Whether or not the cells contain a nucleus.
c. Whether or not leukocytes have granules in their cytoplasm that are visible when stained
and then viewed by light microscopy
d. Whether they function as part of the innate or adaptive immune system.
e. Whether the cells originate from primary or secondary lymphoid tissues.
16. Which of the following statements concerning natural killer cells is true?
a. Natural killer cells are part of the adaptive immune system.
b. Natural killer cells are created as monocytes cross from the circulatory system into tissues.
c. Natural killer cells provide protection against viruses, bacteria, parasites, and tumors.
d. Natural killer cells are classified as granulocytes.
, 17. Which cell type is the most numerous white blood cell in circulation, is the first leukocyte
recruited from the bloodstream to injured tissues, and releases potent antimicrobial peptides?
a. Monocytes.
b. Basophils.
c. Neutrophils.
d. Eosinophils.
e. Dendritic cells.
18. Which cell type works to prevent our immune system from attacking self and from over-
reacting to non threatening substances, is abundant in tissues next to body openings, and
phagocytizes a broad range of antigens?
a. Macrophages.
b. Lymphocytes.
c. Natural killer cells.
d. Dendritic cells.
e. Monocytes.
19. Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the alternative complement cascade?
a. In the alternative complement cascade, complement proteins directly interact with the
invading agent.
b. The alternative complement cascade is triggered by antibodies bound to an invading agent.
c. The alternative complement system was the first complement cascade discovered.
d. The alternative complement pathway is activated when host mannose-binding lectin
associates with certain sugars on a microbe’s surface.
20. Why are leukocytes so central to second-line molecular defenses?
a. Leukocytes produce second-line molecular defenses.
b. Leukocytes trigger other cells of the immune system to produce second-line molecular
defenses.
c. Leukocytes have nothing to do with second-line defenses.
d. Leukocytes remove second-line molecular defenses to inhibit damage to healthy tissues in
the surrounding area.
e. Leukocytes respond to the production of second-line molecular defenses.
21. Which of the following pairs is NOT an example of a cytokine and its function?
a. Tumor necrosis factors: induce inflammation and kills tumor cells.
b. Eicosanoids: promote the replication and gathering of leukocytes.
c. Chemokines: recruit white blood cells to areas of injuring or infection.
d. Interleukins: regulate inflammation, fever, T cell development, and innate and adaptive
immune responses.
e. Interferons: produced by virus-infected cells to signal neighboring cells to mount antiviral
defenses.
22. Why are cytokines?
a. Organic chemicals which stimulate fever via an increase in metabolism.
b. Enzyme that promote the replication and gathering of leukocytes.
c. Signaling proteins that help cells communicate with each other, initiating and
coordinating immune actions.
d. Alert hormones that trigger the body to prepare for injury by shrinking capillaries and
increasing platelet production.
23. Which of the following describes the classical pathway of complement activation?
a. Complement proteins activate by directly interacting with the pathogen.
b. Complement proteins activate by coming into contact with certain blood-clotting proteins.
c. Complement proteins activate when mannose-binding lectin binds to the pathogen.
d. Complement proteins activate when antibodies bind to a pathogen.
e. Complement proteins activate when triggered by macrophages or neutrophils.
24. Which of the following is an outcome of complement activation?
a. Opsonization and cytolysis.
b. Cytolysis and inflammation.
c. Cytolysis.
d. Opsonization, cytolysis, and inflammation.
e. Opsonization.
25. While hiking, you sprain your ankle. Which of the following signs and symptoms of inflammation
should you observed?
a. Vasoconstriction.
b. Swelling.
Chapters 11, 12, 13, 14
Microbiology Final Exam Mastering Questions and Answers
Chapter 11 - Innate Immunity
1. Which of the following statements accurately describes innate immunity?
a. Innate immunity remembers specific antigens and amplifies response upon later exposure.
Aka “non-specific immunity” because the immune response does not change based on the
pathogen being fought, happens immediately, and does not result in memory or a stronger
secondary immune response.
b. Innate immunity has immediate response to antigens.
c. Innate immunity is only found in vertebrates. Found in all eukaryotic organisms.
d. Innate Immunity has the capacity to distinguish foreign verses self.
2. The hygiene hypothesis proposes which of the following:
a. Newborns and young children should be exposed to as many disease-causing
microorganisms as possible to train their immune system to attack pathogens
b. Reducing the number of resident flora on our skin through determination techniques
decreases the likelihood of infection
c. Decreased hand washing in clinical setting may help to combat the rise in exogenous,
antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections.
d. Decreasing diversity of our normal flora from increased antibiotic usage and
changes in diet and lifestyle may lead to increased allergies and autoimmune
disorders.
3. Which of the following does NOT describe adaptive immunity?
a. Only in vertebrate animals.
b. Recognizes pathogens it previously fought, allowing for quicker and more aggressive
defense mobilization upon later exposures to the same agent
c. Matures over time
d. Evolved more recently
e. Generalized responses that don’t vary based on the pathogen being fought
4. Which of the following features are shared between both innate and adaptive immunity?
a. Recognize diverse pathogens, eliminate identified invaders, and discriminate
between self and foreign antigens
b. Recognize diverse pathogens and eliminate identified invaders
c. Discriminate between self and foreign antigens
d. Respond immediately and remembers antigens
e. Response immediately, remember antigens, and exist in all eukaryotic organisms.
5. Which of the following is an example of a mechanical barrier?
a. Lysozyme found in breast milk breaks down bacterial cell walls.
b. Antimicrobial peptides made by leukocytes are used to destroy pathogens throughout the
body.
c. The mucociliary escalator sweeps mucus away from the lungs and toward the
mouth.
d. Epithelial cells block pathogen entry into the skin. Physical barrier
6. The general goal of first-line defenses is to
a. Weaken pathogens
b. Isolate pathogens
c. Prevent pathogen entry
d. Destroy pathogens
e. Tag intruders with a signaling molecule to identify them as foreign.
f.
7. Which of the following is an example of a chemical barrier?
a. Antimicrobial peptides
b. Tears
c. Skin
d. Urine
e. Mucus.
8. Antimicrobial peptides can do all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Target intracellular components.
b. Insert themselves into target cell membranes.
, c. Stimulate leukocytes.
d. Regulate body temperature.
e. Disrupt plasma membrane and/or cell wall.
9. Which of the following is part of the second line of defense?
a. Leukocytes.
b. Molecular factors such as chemokines.
c. Chemical barriers such as lysozyme.
d. Physical barriers such as skin.
i. The first line of defense = chemical, mechanical, and physical barriers to prevent
pathogen entry, second line of defense = leukocytes and molecular factors such as
chemokines and are initiated once a pathogen gains entry into the body, third line of
defense = the adaptive immune response.
10. Which of the following statements accurately describes the way(s) in which granulated and
agranulocytosis differ?
a. Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm that are visible with light
microscope, whereas agranulocytes do not have granules in their cytoplasm.
b. Granulocytes typically have in-lobed nuclei, whereas agranulocytes typically have nuclei
with lobed appearance.
c. Granulocytes mediate acquired immunity, and agranulocytes are involved in the innate
immune response.
d. Granulocytes consist of neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils,
whereas agranulocytes consist of lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and monocytes.
11. What are the two categories of second-line defenses?
a. Mucus and lysozyme
b. Platelets and red blood cells
c. Red blood cells and antibodies
d. Antibodies and platelets
e. Assorted molecular factors and leukocytes
12. What is edema?
a. The hardening of infected lymph nodes.
b. Irregular heart palpitations.
c. The spreading of a pathogen from the circulatory system to the lymphatic system.
d. When a capillary bursts and is releasing fluid under the skin.
e. Tissue swelling.
13. Which of the following are primary lymphoid tissues?
a. Spleen and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
b. Lymph nodes and spleen.
c. Bone marrow and mucosa-associated lymphatic lymphoid tissue.
d. Thymus and bone marrow.
e. Thymus and lymph nodes.
14. Secondary lymphoid tissues:
a. Are where leukocytes mature.
b. Are monocytes and dendritic cells
c. Are where formed elements in blood are produced.
d. Are neutrophils and eosinophils
e. Filter lymph and sample surrounding body sites for antigens which are brought
into contact with the leukocytes that reside in secondary lymphoid tissues to
stimulate an immune response.
15. What is the general classification used to categorize leukocytes?
a. It depends on the age of the cell, as all agranulocytes start off as Granulocytes and later
change their function and structure over the life of the cell.
b. Whether or not the cells contain a nucleus.
c. Whether or not leukocytes have granules in their cytoplasm that are visible when stained
and then viewed by light microscopy
d. Whether they function as part of the innate or adaptive immune system.
e. Whether the cells originate from primary or secondary lymphoid tissues.
16. Which of the following statements concerning natural killer cells is true?
a. Natural killer cells are part of the adaptive immune system.
b. Natural killer cells are created as monocytes cross from the circulatory system into tissues.
c. Natural killer cells provide protection against viruses, bacteria, parasites, and tumors.
d. Natural killer cells are classified as granulocytes.
, 17. Which cell type is the most numerous white blood cell in circulation, is the first leukocyte
recruited from the bloodstream to injured tissues, and releases potent antimicrobial peptides?
a. Monocytes.
b. Basophils.
c. Neutrophils.
d. Eosinophils.
e. Dendritic cells.
18. Which cell type works to prevent our immune system from attacking self and from over-
reacting to non threatening substances, is abundant in tissues next to body openings, and
phagocytizes a broad range of antigens?
a. Macrophages.
b. Lymphocytes.
c. Natural killer cells.
d. Dendritic cells.
e. Monocytes.
19. Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the alternative complement cascade?
a. In the alternative complement cascade, complement proteins directly interact with the
invading agent.
b. The alternative complement cascade is triggered by antibodies bound to an invading agent.
c. The alternative complement system was the first complement cascade discovered.
d. The alternative complement pathway is activated when host mannose-binding lectin
associates with certain sugars on a microbe’s surface.
20. Why are leukocytes so central to second-line molecular defenses?
a. Leukocytes produce second-line molecular defenses.
b. Leukocytes trigger other cells of the immune system to produce second-line molecular
defenses.
c. Leukocytes have nothing to do with second-line defenses.
d. Leukocytes remove second-line molecular defenses to inhibit damage to healthy tissues in
the surrounding area.
e. Leukocytes respond to the production of second-line molecular defenses.
21. Which of the following pairs is NOT an example of a cytokine and its function?
a. Tumor necrosis factors: induce inflammation and kills tumor cells.
b. Eicosanoids: promote the replication and gathering of leukocytes.
c. Chemokines: recruit white blood cells to areas of injuring or infection.
d. Interleukins: regulate inflammation, fever, T cell development, and innate and adaptive
immune responses.
e. Interferons: produced by virus-infected cells to signal neighboring cells to mount antiviral
defenses.
22. Why are cytokines?
a. Organic chemicals which stimulate fever via an increase in metabolism.
b. Enzyme that promote the replication and gathering of leukocytes.
c. Signaling proteins that help cells communicate with each other, initiating and
coordinating immune actions.
d. Alert hormones that trigger the body to prepare for injury by shrinking capillaries and
increasing platelet production.
23. Which of the following describes the classical pathway of complement activation?
a. Complement proteins activate by directly interacting with the pathogen.
b. Complement proteins activate by coming into contact with certain blood-clotting proteins.
c. Complement proteins activate when mannose-binding lectin binds to the pathogen.
d. Complement proteins activate when antibodies bind to a pathogen.
e. Complement proteins activate when triggered by macrophages or neutrophils.
24. Which of the following is an outcome of complement activation?
a. Opsonization and cytolysis.
b. Cytolysis and inflammation.
c. Cytolysis.
d. Opsonization, cytolysis, and inflammation.
e. Opsonization.
25. While hiking, you sprain your ankle. Which of the following signs and symptoms of inflammation
should you observed?
a. Vasoconstriction.
b. Swelling.
