Pathophysiology Exam 2 Blueprint
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1. What is ventilation?: The process of inspiration and expiration of air through the
pulmonary airways to the alveoli
2. What is oxygenation?: The process of supplying oxygen to the cells and tissues
of the body
3. What is perfusion?: The movement of blood through the pulmonary circulation
to the alveoli
4. What are the most common types of pneumonia and how are they ac-
quired?: Community acquired: s. pneumoniae
Hospital acquired: MRSA or VRE
Ventilator associated: enterococcus
Aspiration pneumonia: when anaerobic bacteria (staph) is swallowed from the
oropharynx
Walking pneumonia: caused by living in close quarters and being exposed to
mycoplasma.
5. What are the risk factors of aspiration pneumonia?: Stroke
Dysphagia
Coma
Chronic gingivitis or periodontal disease
Alcohol intoxication
6. What are the general risk factors of pneumonia?: Current infection with in-
fluenza (or other respiratory viral infections)
Immunosuppressed patients (like HIV)
Smoking
Lung cancers or tumors
COPD
Bronchiectasis
Asthma
Atelectasis
7. What is the general prevention of pneumonia?: Pneumococcal vaccine
Smoking cessation
Social distancing
Preventing aspiration
Hand hygiene
8. What is the general treatment of pneumonia?: Antibiotic therapy
Oxygen therapy
IV fluids
Bronchodilators
Analgesia and Antipyretics
, Pathophysiology Exam 2 Blueprint
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_brcb6d
9. What is atelectasis?
What is the pathophysiology of atelectasis?
What is a consequence of atelectasis?: Lung collapse
When a small number of alveoli collapses due to a variety of factors inhibiting the
alveoli from fully extending, resulting in a decrease in gas exchange.
10. What is the etiology of atelectasis?: Something is inhibiting the alveoli from
FULLY extending, resulting in them collapsing caused by:
Some compressive force (tumors)
Pleural effusion
Postoperative respiratory depression
Shallow breaths and low RR
Obstruction of bronchioles
High amounts of supplemental O2
11. What is the treatment of atelectasis? Why does this treatment work?: Deep
breath and cough
The force of the cough forces air into the alveoli to help them reinflate
12. What is the etiology of acute pharyngitis?
What are the symptoms?: Etiology: Streptococcus pyogenes (bacterial)
Swollen/red pharyngeal membranes
red/swollen tonsils
Tonsil covered in white exudate
Cervical lymph nodes swollen
Fever
Malaise
13. What is the etiology of acute sinusitis?
What are the symptoms?: Etiology: Secondary to a bacterial or viral infection of
upper respiratory tract or allergies
Localized facial pain- worsens when bending over
Pressure over sinuses
Headache
, Pathophysiology Exam 2 Blueprint
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_brcb6d
Nasal obstruction
Purulent nasal discharge
Ear pain
Dental pain
Decreased sense of smell (hyposmia)
14. What is the etiology of acute tonsillitis?
What are the symptoms?: Etiology: GABHS or a virus such as: EBV, adenovirus,
Herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus
Redness/swelling of tonsils
Abscesses present called "quinsys"
Results in difficulty swallowing
15. What is the etiology of an inflamed epiglottis?
What are the symptoms?: Etiology: Respiratory infections, chemical substances,
trauma, strep pneumonia, h. influenzae, parainfluenza, varicella-zoster, herpes sim-
plex 1, staph aureus
Symptoms: Difficulty breathing, stridor
16. What is the etiology of laryngitis and tracheitis?
What are the symptoms in both?: Etiology: viral in nature but Haemophilus in-
fluenzae can cause this.
High pitched cough = larynx
Raspy cough or stridor = tracheal
High pitched inhalations
Pleuritic chest pain
Clear sputum
Cough
17. What are the different pulmonary function tests that measure lung vol-
umes?: Forced vital capacity
Forced expiratory volume
Peak expiratory flow
Total lung capacity
Functional residual capacity
Residual volume
Tidal volume
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_brcb6d
1. What is ventilation?: The process of inspiration and expiration of air through the
pulmonary airways to the alveoli
2. What is oxygenation?: The process of supplying oxygen to the cells and tissues
of the body
3. What is perfusion?: The movement of blood through the pulmonary circulation
to the alveoli
4. What are the most common types of pneumonia and how are they ac-
quired?: Community acquired: s. pneumoniae
Hospital acquired: MRSA or VRE
Ventilator associated: enterococcus
Aspiration pneumonia: when anaerobic bacteria (staph) is swallowed from the
oropharynx
Walking pneumonia: caused by living in close quarters and being exposed to
mycoplasma.
5. What are the risk factors of aspiration pneumonia?: Stroke
Dysphagia
Coma
Chronic gingivitis or periodontal disease
Alcohol intoxication
6. What are the general risk factors of pneumonia?: Current infection with in-
fluenza (or other respiratory viral infections)
Immunosuppressed patients (like HIV)
Smoking
Lung cancers or tumors
COPD
Bronchiectasis
Asthma
Atelectasis
7. What is the general prevention of pneumonia?: Pneumococcal vaccine
Smoking cessation
Social distancing
Preventing aspiration
Hand hygiene
8. What is the general treatment of pneumonia?: Antibiotic therapy
Oxygen therapy
IV fluids
Bronchodilators
Analgesia and Antipyretics
, Pathophysiology Exam 2 Blueprint
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_brcb6d
9. What is atelectasis?
What is the pathophysiology of atelectasis?
What is a consequence of atelectasis?: Lung collapse
When a small number of alveoli collapses due to a variety of factors inhibiting the
alveoli from fully extending, resulting in a decrease in gas exchange.
10. What is the etiology of atelectasis?: Something is inhibiting the alveoli from
FULLY extending, resulting in them collapsing caused by:
Some compressive force (tumors)
Pleural effusion
Postoperative respiratory depression
Shallow breaths and low RR
Obstruction of bronchioles
High amounts of supplemental O2
11. What is the treatment of atelectasis? Why does this treatment work?: Deep
breath and cough
The force of the cough forces air into the alveoli to help them reinflate
12. What is the etiology of acute pharyngitis?
What are the symptoms?: Etiology: Streptococcus pyogenes (bacterial)
Swollen/red pharyngeal membranes
red/swollen tonsils
Tonsil covered in white exudate
Cervical lymph nodes swollen
Fever
Malaise
13. What is the etiology of acute sinusitis?
What are the symptoms?: Etiology: Secondary to a bacterial or viral infection of
upper respiratory tract or allergies
Localized facial pain- worsens when bending over
Pressure over sinuses
Headache
, Pathophysiology Exam 2 Blueprint
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_brcb6d
Nasal obstruction
Purulent nasal discharge
Ear pain
Dental pain
Decreased sense of smell (hyposmia)
14. What is the etiology of acute tonsillitis?
What are the symptoms?: Etiology: GABHS or a virus such as: EBV, adenovirus,
Herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus
Redness/swelling of tonsils
Abscesses present called "quinsys"
Results in difficulty swallowing
15. What is the etiology of an inflamed epiglottis?
What are the symptoms?: Etiology: Respiratory infections, chemical substances,
trauma, strep pneumonia, h. influenzae, parainfluenza, varicella-zoster, herpes sim-
plex 1, staph aureus
Symptoms: Difficulty breathing, stridor
16. What is the etiology of laryngitis and tracheitis?
What are the symptoms in both?: Etiology: viral in nature but Haemophilus in-
fluenzae can cause this.
High pitched cough = larynx
Raspy cough or stridor = tracheal
High pitched inhalations
Pleuritic chest pain
Clear sputum
Cough
17. What are the different pulmonary function tests that measure lung vol-
umes?: Forced vital capacity
Forced expiratory volume
Peak expiratory flow
Total lung capacity
Functional residual capacity
Residual volume
Tidal volume
