2) Rh Blood Group
- RH-factor is an antigen present in Red blood cell, first discovered in Rhesus monkey.
- There are many Rh antigen but D-antigen is most significant.
- Based on presence of D antigen, there are two blood group categories
1. Approx. 85% of people have D antigen in RBC are Rh positive
2. About 15% people lack D antigen are Rh negative
- There are 8 types of Blood groups.
sr no. Blood Group Antigen Antibody
1) A+ A, D B
2) A- A B
3) B+ B, D A
4) B- B A
5) AB+ A, B, D Nil
6). AB- A, B. Nil
7) O+. D. A,B
8). O- Nil. A, B
O- = universal donor - Because on the surface of erythrocytes there are no antigen , therefore
will not get destroyed by antibodies present in recipient blood.
AB+ = universal recipient - Because in their plasma there is no antibody, they will not attack
erythrocy in donated blood.
Use of Blood grouping
1. Blood Transfusion
2. Criminal cases
3. Paternity check
Rh incompatibility:-
if mother is Rh -ve and feotal is Rh +ve then D- antigen present on surface of RBC of foetus
against that foetal D-antigen in mothers blood. These antibodies crosses placental barrier and
enter the foetal blood causing destruction of foetal RBC, is called as Rh-incompatblity or
Hemolytic disease of new born.
First baby usually escape this condition because it takes time for the mother form antibody.
, CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Circulatory system made up of heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.
BLOOD PRESSURE
Defined as lateral pressure exerted by content of blood on the wall of the artery
Types of Blood Pressure :
i) Systolic BP
ii) Diastolic BP
1) Systolic BP - 2) Diastolic BP -
Maximum pressure exerted in the artery during Minimum pressure in the artery during diastole
systol of heart of heart
Normal value = 110 mmHg - 130 mm Hg Normal value = 70mmHg - 80mmHg
Pulse pressure - Difference between systolic and diastolic BP.
Age variation - Normal Adult : 120-80 mmHg
Old Age : 160-90 mmHg
Factors Affecting :
i) Systolic Blood Pressure ∝Cardiac output
ii) Diastolic Blood Pressure ∝ Perepheral Resistance
when perepharal resistance increase diastolic pressure also increase, called as hypertension
iii) Blood Pressure ∝ 1
Elasticity and diameter of blood vessels
iv) Blood Pressure ∝ Blood volume / velocity of blood / viscosity of blood
Hormonal Regulation of BP / Renal mechanism / Renin Angiotensin Pathway
Decrease in Blood Pressure
stimulus reaches to Juxtra-Glomular apparates
secrete hormone Renin
Renin
Angiotensin Anginotersin I
ACE
Anginotersin II
Direct Effect Aldosteron ADH
causes arteries to causes nephron Increase sodium
constrict and distal tubules to reabsorption in the
increase cardiac reabsorb more Na+ medulla of Kidney.
output and water
- RH-factor is an antigen present in Red blood cell, first discovered in Rhesus monkey.
- There are many Rh antigen but D-antigen is most significant.
- Based on presence of D antigen, there are two blood group categories
1. Approx. 85% of people have D antigen in RBC are Rh positive
2. About 15% people lack D antigen are Rh negative
- There are 8 types of Blood groups.
sr no. Blood Group Antigen Antibody
1) A+ A, D B
2) A- A B
3) B+ B, D A
4) B- B A
5) AB+ A, B, D Nil
6). AB- A, B. Nil
7) O+. D. A,B
8). O- Nil. A, B
O- = universal donor - Because on the surface of erythrocytes there are no antigen , therefore
will not get destroyed by antibodies present in recipient blood.
AB+ = universal recipient - Because in their plasma there is no antibody, they will not attack
erythrocy in donated blood.
Use of Blood grouping
1. Blood Transfusion
2. Criminal cases
3. Paternity check
Rh incompatibility:-
if mother is Rh -ve and feotal is Rh +ve then D- antigen present on surface of RBC of foetus
against that foetal D-antigen in mothers blood. These antibodies crosses placental barrier and
enter the foetal blood causing destruction of foetal RBC, is called as Rh-incompatblity or
Hemolytic disease of new born.
First baby usually escape this condition because it takes time for the mother form antibody.
, CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Circulatory system made up of heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.
BLOOD PRESSURE
Defined as lateral pressure exerted by content of blood on the wall of the artery
Types of Blood Pressure :
i) Systolic BP
ii) Diastolic BP
1) Systolic BP - 2) Diastolic BP -
Maximum pressure exerted in the artery during Minimum pressure in the artery during diastole
systol of heart of heart
Normal value = 110 mmHg - 130 mm Hg Normal value = 70mmHg - 80mmHg
Pulse pressure - Difference between systolic and diastolic BP.
Age variation - Normal Adult : 120-80 mmHg
Old Age : 160-90 mmHg
Factors Affecting :
i) Systolic Blood Pressure ∝Cardiac output
ii) Diastolic Blood Pressure ∝ Perepheral Resistance
when perepharal resistance increase diastolic pressure also increase, called as hypertension
iii) Blood Pressure ∝ 1
Elasticity and diameter of blood vessels
iv) Blood Pressure ∝ Blood volume / velocity of blood / viscosity of blood
Hormonal Regulation of BP / Renal mechanism / Renin Angiotensin Pathway
Decrease in Blood Pressure
stimulus reaches to Juxtra-Glomular apparates
secrete hormone Renin
Renin
Angiotensin Anginotersin I
ACE
Anginotersin II
Direct Effect Aldosteron ADH
causes arteries to causes nephron Increase sodium
constrict and distal tubules to reabsorption in the
increase cardiac reabsorb more Na+ medulla of Kidney.
output and water
