BIO 331 FINAL EXAM
Each one of the following bases is a component of a nucleotide that makes DNA
EXCEPT: - answer D. Uracil (U)
In template polymerization of DNA, which one of the following statements correctly
describes the rule for the synthesis of a new molecule? – answer A binds to T and G
binds to C.
In the 1940s, Erwin Chargaff made the remarkable observation that in samples of DNA
from a wide range of organisms the mole percent of G [G/(A+T+C+G)] was equal to the
mole percent of C, and the mole percents of A and T were equal. This was an essential
clue to the structure of DNA. Nevertheless, Chargaff's rules were not universal. For
example, in DNA from the virus ΦX174, which has a single-stranded genome, the mole
percents are A = 24, C = 22, G = 23, and T = 31.What is the structural basis for
Chargaff's rules that the mole percent of G [G/(A+T+C+G)] is equal to the mole percent
of C, and the mole percents of A and T are equal, in the genomes of all cells? -
answerIn all double-stranded DNA, A pairs with T and G pairs with C.
What is the general term for a protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction? - answerB.
Enzyme
Which one of the following relationships correctly describes the transfer of information
during translation in cells? - answerC. RNA → protein
Genome analysis of thousands of species, including eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea,
have shown that most contain hundreds to thousands of genes. But how exactly is
"gene" defined? Which one of the following statements provides the best description of
a gene? - answerA gene encodes a single functional RNA or a single protein (or a
related set).
All cells have specialized proteins embedded in their plasma membrane that transport
specific molecules from one side to the other. - answerTrue
Which one of the following statements about the storage of food molecules in plant and
animal cells is correct? - answerB. Plant cells store both fat and starch in the interior of
chloroplasts.
The liver provides glucose to the rest of the body between meals. It does so by breaking
down glycogen, forming glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), which is converted to glucose by
splitting off the phosphate (ΔG ° = -13.8 kJ/mole) (see the figure).Why do you suppose
the liver removes the phosphate by hydrolysis, rather than reversing the reaction by
which glucose 6-phosphate is formed from glucose (glucose + ATP → G6P + ADP, ΔG
, ° = -16.7 kJ/mole)? By reversing this reaction, the liver could generate both glucose and
ATP. - answerThe reverse reaction is so unfavorable that no feasible concentration ratio
could drive it.
Which one of the following features or processes is found in both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes? - answerD. Oxidation of food
Which one the following scenarios describes critical steps in the evolution of the first
eukaryote, steps that are supported by extensive genomic analyses? - answerAn
anaerobic archaeal cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium, which then evolved to become
the mitochondrion.
Eukaryotic cells contain either mitochondria or chloroplasts, but not both. - answerFalse
In terms of their ancestry and DNA sequences, the unicellular eukaryotes are far more
diverse than the multicellular animals, plants, and fungi. - answerTrue
If noncovalent interactions are so weak in a water environment, how can they possibly
be important for holding macromolecules together in cells? - answerA. Although
individually weak, multiple non-covalent interactions form strong connections.
C, H, and O account for 95% of the elements in living cells. If water is disregarded,
these atoms are present in the dry mass of cells in the ratio C:2H:O (see the figure),
which is equivalent to the general formula for carbohydrates (CH2O).Does this mean
that living cells are mostly sugar? Why or why not? - answerC. No, living cells are a
mixture of a variety of organic compounds.
Each one of the following characteristics of Arabidopsis, shown in the figure, was
important for its selection as a model plant EXCEPT: - answerB. It is the common weed
in the cabbage family.
Each one of the following characteristics of the fruit fly (see the figure) was important for
its selection as a model for animal genetic studies EXCEPT: - answerD. Its genome is
twenty times smaller than the human genome.
Aside from our obvious curiosity about our own genome and how our cells work, which
one of the following attributes makes humans particularly useful as model genetic
organisms? - answerA. Through medical examinations and self-reporting, humans
catalog their own genetic disorders.
Whereas the cell's archive of genetic information is fixed and sacrosanct, RNA
transcripts are mass-produced and dispensable. - answerTrue
If we were to dispose of all the dispensable junk DNA in the human genome, the
remainder would consist entirely of coding DNA. - answerFalse
Each one of the following bases is a component of a nucleotide that makes DNA
EXCEPT: - answer D. Uracil (U)
In template polymerization of DNA, which one of the following statements correctly
describes the rule for the synthesis of a new molecule? – answer A binds to T and G
binds to C.
In the 1940s, Erwin Chargaff made the remarkable observation that in samples of DNA
from a wide range of organisms the mole percent of G [G/(A+T+C+G)] was equal to the
mole percent of C, and the mole percents of A and T were equal. This was an essential
clue to the structure of DNA. Nevertheless, Chargaff's rules were not universal. For
example, in DNA from the virus ΦX174, which has a single-stranded genome, the mole
percents are A = 24, C = 22, G = 23, and T = 31.What is the structural basis for
Chargaff's rules that the mole percent of G [G/(A+T+C+G)] is equal to the mole percent
of C, and the mole percents of A and T are equal, in the genomes of all cells? -
answerIn all double-stranded DNA, A pairs with T and G pairs with C.
What is the general term for a protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction? - answerB.
Enzyme
Which one of the following relationships correctly describes the transfer of information
during translation in cells? - answerC. RNA → protein
Genome analysis of thousands of species, including eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea,
have shown that most contain hundreds to thousands of genes. But how exactly is
"gene" defined? Which one of the following statements provides the best description of
a gene? - answerA gene encodes a single functional RNA or a single protein (or a
related set).
All cells have specialized proteins embedded in their plasma membrane that transport
specific molecules from one side to the other. - answerTrue
Which one of the following statements about the storage of food molecules in plant and
animal cells is correct? - answerB. Plant cells store both fat and starch in the interior of
chloroplasts.
The liver provides glucose to the rest of the body between meals. It does so by breaking
down glycogen, forming glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), which is converted to glucose by
splitting off the phosphate (ΔG ° = -13.8 kJ/mole) (see the figure).Why do you suppose
the liver removes the phosphate by hydrolysis, rather than reversing the reaction by
which glucose 6-phosphate is formed from glucose (glucose + ATP → G6P + ADP, ΔG
, ° = -16.7 kJ/mole)? By reversing this reaction, the liver could generate both glucose and
ATP. - answerThe reverse reaction is so unfavorable that no feasible concentration ratio
could drive it.
Which one of the following features or processes is found in both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes? - answerD. Oxidation of food
Which one the following scenarios describes critical steps in the evolution of the first
eukaryote, steps that are supported by extensive genomic analyses? - answerAn
anaerobic archaeal cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium, which then evolved to become
the mitochondrion.
Eukaryotic cells contain either mitochondria or chloroplasts, but not both. - answerFalse
In terms of their ancestry and DNA sequences, the unicellular eukaryotes are far more
diverse than the multicellular animals, plants, and fungi. - answerTrue
If noncovalent interactions are so weak in a water environment, how can they possibly
be important for holding macromolecules together in cells? - answerA. Although
individually weak, multiple non-covalent interactions form strong connections.
C, H, and O account for 95% of the elements in living cells. If water is disregarded,
these atoms are present in the dry mass of cells in the ratio C:2H:O (see the figure),
which is equivalent to the general formula for carbohydrates (CH2O).Does this mean
that living cells are mostly sugar? Why or why not? - answerC. No, living cells are a
mixture of a variety of organic compounds.
Each one of the following characteristics of Arabidopsis, shown in the figure, was
important for its selection as a model plant EXCEPT: - answerB. It is the common weed
in the cabbage family.
Each one of the following characteristics of the fruit fly (see the figure) was important for
its selection as a model for animal genetic studies EXCEPT: - answerD. Its genome is
twenty times smaller than the human genome.
Aside from our obvious curiosity about our own genome and how our cells work, which
one of the following attributes makes humans particularly useful as model genetic
organisms? - answerA. Through medical examinations and self-reporting, humans
catalog their own genetic disorders.
Whereas the cell's archive of genetic information is fixed and sacrosanct, RNA
transcripts are mass-produced and dispensable. - answerTrue
If we were to dispose of all the dispensable junk DNA in the human genome, the
remainder would consist entirely of coding DNA. - answerFalse
