Pathophysiology - BIOD331 - Module 2
What is cancer? - answer The unregulated growth of abnormal cells
What is neoplasia? - answer “New growth". Process of uncontrolled, abnormal growth of
cells or tissues in the body
What is neoplasm? - answerThe new growth itself
Normal tissue growth responds with ________ and ________ - answer Hypertrophy
and hyperplasia
Neoplasms don't respond to _____ _______ _____ ______ (4 words) - answer
Appropriate cellular signaling stimuli
Normal tissue renewal and repair requires what 3 things? - answer Proliferation,
differentiation, and apoptosis
What is proliferation? - answerProcess of cell division. Adaptive process for new cell
growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are needed.
Neoplasms tend to have _______ ______ that cause excessive and uncontrolled
proliferation that is unregulated by normal growth-regulating stimuli. - answerGenetic
abnormalities
What is differentiation? - answerProcess by which cells become more specialized with
each mitotic division
What is apoptosis? - answerProgrammed cell death. Eliminates old, damaged, or
unwanted cells
What are proto-oncogenes? - answerCell growth. They encode proteins that signal for
the cell to proliferate
What do tumor suppressor genes do? - answerCell death. Encode proteins that inhibit
cell growth and signal (when necessary) for apoptosis
What is the G1 phase of the cell cycle? - answerDNA synthesis stops while the cell
enlarges and both RNA and protein synthesis begins
What is the S phase of the cell cycle? - answerDNA synthesis occurs, producing 2
separate sets of chromosomes one for each daughter cell
,What is the G2 phase of the cell cycle? - answerDNA synthesis again stops while
RNA/protein synthesis continues.
The first 3 phases of the cell cycle are referred to as __________ - answerInterphase
What are cell cycle checkpoints? - answerMeans of molecular surveillance used to
ensure the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase
What is the M phase of the cell cycle? - answerMitosis and cytoplasmic division.
Give an example of a type of cell found in the body that continually cycles from one
mitotic division to the next. - answerSkin's squamous epithelium
What is the rest state that some cells enter after the M phase called? - answerG0 or
resting phase
Why would a cell enter the G0 phase? - answer1. Nutrients are unavailable
2. Growth factors are unavailable
3. Highly specialized cells first leave the cell cycle
What type of cells found in the body may permanently stay in G0? - answerNeurons
(highly specialized and terminally differentiated cells)
What may prompt a cell to leave the G0 phase? - answerCell receives stimuli via:
1. Growth factors
2. Hormones
3. Other signals that trigger growth
Give an example of a cell type found in the body that remains in G0 phase until
prompted. - answerBlood loss or tissue injury
Define cell proliferation - answerProcess of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell
division.
In normal tissues, the number of new cells being produced is __________ to the
number of cells dying or being shed. - answerEquivalent
When considering cell proliferation, human cells fall within one of these two categories: -
answer1. Gametes (ovum and sperm)
2. Somatic (non-reproductive cells)
Gametes are _________ - answerHaploids
What is a haploid? - answerA cell that contains a single set of chromosomes
What are haploids designed for? - answerSexual function
, After fusion, a _________ cell is formed - answerDiploid
How many sets of chromosomes do diploids have? - answer2
Diploids are an example of what type of cell? - answerSomatic
Give 3 examples of a well-differentiated cell that rarely divides or reproduces - answer1.
Skeletal muscle cells
2. Cardiac muscles cells
3. Neurons
Give 3 examples of a progenitor (parent) cell that continue to divide and reproduce. -
answer1. Blood cells
2. Skin cells
3. Liver cells
Undifferentiated _____ cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large numbers of
progenitor (parent) cells if needed - answerStem
What is cell differentiation? - answerRefers to the process by which cells become more
specialized in both their structure and function
The various cell types of the body all originate from where? - answerThe fertilized ovum
As differentiation progresses, the process within each developing cell type must be
_____ ______ - answerTightly regulated
As cells become more and more specialized they lose the ability to develop the
_______ and _____ characteristics of other cell types - answerStructural; functional
What is the benefit of specialized cells being unable to take on the structural and
functional characteristics of other cell types? - answerIt ensures that the integrity and
composition of developing organs is maintained and free from differing cell types
What happens when specialized cells are unable to divide? - answerThey rely on parent
cells of the same lineage that are still able to divide
Stem cells, unlike progenitor cells, remain incompletely _______ and _______ until they
are needed. - answerDifferentiated; dormant
When a stem cell divides, what happens to its 2 daughter cells? - answerOne retains
the stem cell characteristics while the other becomes a parent cell until it reaches a
state of terminal differentiation
What are 2 important properties of stem cells? - answer1. Self renewal
What is cancer? - answer The unregulated growth of abnormal cells
What is neoplasia? - answer “New growth". Process of uncontrolled, abnormal growth of
cells or tissues in the body
What is neoplasm? - answerThe new growth itself
Normal tissue growth responds with ________ and ________ - answer Hypertrophy
and hyperplasia
Neoplasms don't respond to _____ _______ _____ ______ (4 words) - answer
Appropriate cellular signaling stimuli
Normal tissue renewal and repair requires what 3 things? - answer Proliferation,
differentiation, and apoptosis
What is proliferation? - answerProcess of cell division. Adaptive process for new cell
growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are needed.
Neoplasms tend to have _______ ______ that cause excessive and uncontrolled
proliferation that is unregulated by normal growth-regulating stimuli. - answerGenetic
abnormalities
What is differentiation? - answerProcess by which cells become more specialized with
each mitotic division
What is apoptosis? - answerProgrammed cell death. Eliminates old, damaged, or
unwanted cells
What are proto-oncogenes? - answerCell growth. They encode proteins that signal for
the cell to proliferate
What do tumor suppressor genes do? - answerCell death. Encode proteins that inhibit
cell growth and signal (when necessary) for apoptosis
What is the G1 phase of the cell cycle? - answerDNA synthesis stops while the cell
enlarges and both RNA and protein synthesis begins
What is the S phase of the cell cycle? - answerDNA synthesis occurs, producing 2
separate sets of chromosomes one for each daughter cell
,What is the G2 phase of the cell cycle? - answerDNA synthesis again stops while
RNA/protein synthesis continues.
The first 3 phases of the cell cycle are referred to as __________ - answerInterphase
What are cell cycle checkpoints? - answerMeans of molecular surveillance used to
ensure the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase
What is the M phase of the cell cycle? - answerMitosis and cytoplasmic division.
Give an example of a type of cell found in the body that continually cycles from one
mitotic division to the next. - answerSkin's squamous epithelium
What is the rest state that some cells enter after the M phase called? - answerG0 or
resting phase
Why would a cell enter the G0 phase? - answer1. Nutrients are unavailable
2. Growth factors are unavailable
3. Highly specialized cells first leave the cell cycle
What type of cells found in the body may permanently stay in G0? - answerNeurons
(highly specialized and terminally differentiated cells)
What may prompt a cell to leave the G0 phase? - answerCell receives stimuli via:
1. Growth factors
2. Hormones
3. Other signals that trigger growth
Give an example of a cell type found in the body that remains in G0 phase until
prompted. - answerBlood loss or tissue injury
Define cell proliferation - answerProcess of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell
division.
In normal tissues, the number of new cells being produced is __________ to the
number of cells dying or being shed. - answerEquivalent
When considering cell proliferation, human cells fall within one of these two categories: -
answer1. Gametes (ovum and sperm)
2. Somatic (non-reproductive cells)
Gametes are _________ - answerHaploids
What is a haploid? - answerA cell that contains a single set of chromosomes
What are haploids designed for? - answerSexual function
, After fusion, a _________ cell is formed - answerDiploid
How many sets of chromosomes do diploids have? - answer2
Diploids are an example of what type of cell? - answerSomatic
Give 3 examples of a well-differentiated cell that rarely divides or reproduces - answer1.
Skeletal muscle cells
2. Cardiac muscles cells
3. Neurons
Give 3 examples of a progenitor (parent) cell that continue to divide and reproduce. -
answer1. Blood cells
2. Skin cells
3. Liver cells
Undifferentiated _____ cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large numbers of
progenitor (parent) cells if needed - answerStem
What is cell differentiation? - answerRefers to the process by which cells become more
specialized in both their structure and function
The various cell types of the body all originate from where? - answerThe fertilized ovum
As differentiation progresses, the process within each developing cell type must be
_____ ______ - answerTightly regulated
As cells become more and more specialized they lose the ability to develop the
_______ and _____ characteristics of other cell types - answerStructural; functional
What is the benefit of specialized cells being unable to take on the structural and
functional characteristics of other cell types? - answerIt ensures that the integrity and
composition of developing organs is maintained and free from differing cell types
What happens when specialized cells are unable to divide? - answerThey rely on parent
cells of the same lineage that are still able to divide
Stem cells, unlike progenitor cells, remain incompletely _______ and _______ until they
are needed. - answerDifferentiated; dormant
When a stem cell divides, what happens to its 2 daughter cells? - answerOne retains
the stem cell characteristics while the other becomes a parent cell until it reaches a
state of terminal differentiation
What are 2 important properties of stem cells? - answer1. Self renewal
