1
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 REVIEW LATEST UPDATES -
2025/2026- ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+ GUARANTEED SUCCESS
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
example: benign prostatic hyperplasia
metaplasia
change in type of cells
-replacement of one mature cell type by another, often caused by chronic
irritation
-cells can only become a different kind of the same type: epithelium to
epithelium, connective to connective
example: ciliated columnar epithelium becomes squamous cell epithelium n the
trachea of a smoker
atrophy and example
shrinkage of cells
-ex: menopause, leg in cast
, 2
causes of atrophy
disuse, malnutrition, denervation, loss of endocrine function, decreased blood
flow (ischemia)
hypertrophy
growth of cells
occurs due to increase in demand or workload on cells
example: bodybuilding, cardiomyopathy
dysplasia
deranged cell growth, resulting in cells of different sizes, shape, and organization
-often a precursor to cancer
example: pre-cancerous cervical cells with HPV
intracellular accumulation
buildup of substances that cells cannot immediately use or eliminate
-some accumulations can be reversed with time (jaundice, bruising)
-if the disorder cannot be corrected, causes cell injury and death
, 3
what are normal endogenous substances that can accumulate in cells
lipids, proteins pigments
abnormal endogenous intracellular accumulations
glycogen, lipids ,pigments
-jaundice- buildup of excess bilirubin
abnormal exogenous intracellular accumulations
pigments, metals, environmental agents that cannot be broken down by cell
5 causes of cellular injury?
1. physical
2. radiation
3. chemical
4. Biologic agents
5. Nutritional imbalances
Physical cellular injury
trauma, heat, cold, electrical shocks
, 4
-frostbite/cut/stab, touching a live wire
Radiation cellular injury
ionizing, noniozonizing, UV
example: sunburn
Chemical cellular injury
drug, lead toxicity, mercury
-can block enzymatic pathways, lyse cells, or cause mutations
example: drug poisoning
Biologic agents cellular injury
bacteria, viruses, parasites
example: E. coli, herpes
Nutritional imbalances
imbalance of fats, minerals, Vits, AA
example: poor diet, starvation
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 REVIEW LATEST UPDATES -
2025/2026- ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+ GUARANTEED SUCCESS
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
example: benign prostatic hyperplasia
metaplasia
change in type of cells
-replacement of one mature cell type by another, often caused by chronic
irritation
-cells can only become a different kind of the same type: epithelium to
epithelium, connective to connective
example: ciliated columnar epithelium becomes squamous cell epithelium n the
trachea of a smoker
atrophy and example
shrinkage of cells
-ex: menopause, leg in cast
, 2
causes of atrophy
disuse, malnutrition, denervation, loss of endocrine function, decreased blood
flow (ischemia)
hypertrophy
growth of cells
occurs due to increase in demand or workload on cells
example: bodybuilding, cardiomyopathy
dysplasia
deranged cell growth, resulting in cells of different sizes, shape, and organization
-often a precursor to cancer
example: pre-cancerous cervical cells with HPV
intracellular accumulation
buildup of substances that cells cannot immediately use or eliminate
-some accumulations can be reversed with time (jaundice, bruising)
-if the disorder cannot be corrected, causes cell injury and death
, 3
what are normal endogenous substances that can accumulate in cells
lipids, proteins pigments
abnormal endogenous intracellular accumulations
glycogen, lipids ,pigments
-jaundice- buildup of excess bilirubin
abnormal exogenous intracellular accumulations
pigments, metals, environmental agents that cannot be broken down by cell
5 causes of cellular injury?
1. physical
2. radiation
3. chemical
4. Biologic agents
5. Nutritional imbalances
Physical cellular injury
trauma, heat, cold, electrical shocks
, 4
-frostbite/cut/stab, touching a live wire
Radiation cellular injury
ionizing, noniozonizing, UV
example: sunburn
Chemical cellular injury
drug, lead toxicity, mercury
-can block enzymatic pathways, lyse cells, or cause mutations
example: drug poisoning
Biologic agents cellular injury
bacteria, viruses, parasites
example: E. coli, herpes
Nutritional imbalances
imbalance of fats, minerals, Vits, AA
example: poor diet, starvation
