UTA - BIOLOGY 1441 - EXAM 1 2025
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Alpha-helix structure (α-helix) - ANS type of secondary protein structure formed by folding
the polypeptide into a helix shape with hydrogen bonds stabilizing the structure
amino acid - ANS a protein's monomer; has a central carbon or alpha carbon to which an
amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group or side chain is attached; the R
group is different for all 20 common amino acids
beta-pleated sheet (β-pleated) - ANS secondary structure in proteins in which hydrogen
bonding forms "pleats" between atoms on the polypeptide chain's backbone
biological macromolecule - ANS large molecule necessary for life that is built from smaller
organic molecules
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,Carbohydrate - ANS biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen and
to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells and
form arthropods' cellular exoskeleton
Cellulose - ANS polysaccharide that comprises the plants' cell wall; provides structural
support to the cell
Chaperone - ANS (also, chaperonin) protein that helps nascent protein in the folding process
Chitin - ANS type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of all arthropods that
include crustaceans and insects; it also forms fungi cell wallsdehydration synthesis (also,
condensation) reaction that links monomer molecules, releasing a water molecule for each
bond formed
Denaturation - ANS loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or
chemical exposure
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - ANS double-helical molecule that carries the cell's hereditary
information
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, Disaccharide - ANS two sugar monomers that a glycosidic bond links
Enzyme - ANS catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated
protein
Glycogen - ANS storage carbohydrate in animals
glycosidic bond - ANS bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two
monosaccharides with eliminating a water molecule
Hormone - ANS chemical signaling molecule, usually protein or steroid, secreted by
endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes
Hydrolysis - ANS reaction that causes breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules
by utilizing water
Lipid - ANS macromolecule that is nonpolar and insoluble in water
Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Alpha-helix structure (α-helix) - ANS type of secondary protein structure formed by folding
the polypeptide into a helix shape with hydrogen bonds stabilizing the structure
amino acid - ANS a protein's monomer; has a central carbon or alpha carbon to which an
amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group or side chain is attached; the R
group is different for all 20 common amino acids
beta-pleated sheet (β-pleated) - ANS secondary structure in proteins in which hydrogen
bonding forms "pleats" between atoms on the polypeptide chain's backbone
biological macromolecule - ANS large molecule necessary for life that is built from smaller
organic molecules
Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Carbohydrate - ANS biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen and
to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells and
form arthropods' cellular exoskeleton
Cellulose - ANS polysaccharide that comprises the plants' cell wall; provides structural
support to the cell
Chaperone - ANS (also, chaperonin) protein that helps nascent protein in the folding process
Chitin - ANS type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of all arthropods that
include crustaceans and insects; it also forms fungi cell wallsdehydration synthesis (also,
condensation) reaction that links monomer molecules, releasing a water molecule for each
bond formed
Denaturation - ANS loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or
chemical exposure
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - ANS double-helical molecule that carries the cell's hereditary
information
Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, Disaccharide - ANS two sugar monomers that a glycosidic bond links
Enzyme - ANS catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated
protein
Glycogen - ANS storage carbohydrate in animals
glycosidic bond - ANS bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two
monosaccharides with eliminating a water molecule
Hormone - ANS chemical signaling molecule, usually protein or steroid, secreted by
endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes
Hydrolysis - ANS reaction that causes breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules
by utilizing water
Lipid - ANS macromolecule that is nonpolar and insoluble in water
Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
