NUR 631 ADVANCED PATHO FINAL EXAM 2025 |
ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS |
GRADED A+ | NEWEST VERSION | VERIFIED
ANSWERS
The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is
mediated by which class of immunoglobulins?
a. IgE
b. IgG
c. IgM
d. T cells ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ANS: A
Type I reactions are mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products of
tissue mast cells (see Figure 9-1). The most common allergies (e.g., pollen
allergies) are type I reactions. In addition, most type I reactions occur
against environmental antigens and are therefore allergic. The other
options do not accurately identify the mediation factor related to hay fever.
Which type of antibody is involved in type I hypersensitivity reaction?
a. IgA
b. IgE
c. IgG
d. IgM ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ANS: B
Type I reactions are only mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products
of tissue mast cells
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is
activated?
a. neutrophils
b. monocytes
c. eosinophils
d. T-lymphocytes ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ANS C
Of the options provided, only eosinophils are activated during IgE-mediated
hypersensitivity reactions.
,During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, what causes
bronchospasm?
a. bronchial edema caused by the chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis
b. Bronchial edema caused by biding of the cytotropic antibody
c. Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors
d. Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound H2 receptors ----
-----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ANS: C
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, only smooth muscle
contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors results in
bronchospasms.
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, the degranulation of mast
cells is a result of which receptor action?
a. Histamine bound to H2
b. Chemotactic factor binding to the receptor
c. epinephrine bound to mast cells
acetylcholine bounf to mast cells ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------
ANS: A
Histamine bound to H2 results in the degranulation of mast cells during an
IgE-medicated hypersensitivity reaction. The other options do not cause
this reaction.
What is the effect of increased secretions of epinephrine, glucagon, and
growth hormone?
a. hyperglycemia
b. hypertension
c. bronchodilation
d. pupil dilation ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ANS: A
Cortisol enhances the elevation of blood glucose promoted by other
hormones, such as epinephrine, glucagon, and growth hormone.
,Which hormone increases the formation of glucose from amino acids and
free fatty acids?
a. epinephrine
b. norepinephrine
c. cortisol
d. growth hormone ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ANS: C
One of the primary effects of cortisol is the stimulation of gluconeogenesis
or the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino
or free fatty acids in the liver. Neither reaction is a result of the effects of
any of the other options.
In immunoglobulin G (IgG) nephropathies such as glomerulonephritis, IgG
is deposited in which location?
a. juxtamedullary nephrons
b. Glomerulus basement membranes
c. Mesangium of the glomerular capillaries
d. parietal epithelium ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ANS: B
Glomerulonephritis develops with the deposition of antigen-antibody
complexes (IgG, immunoglobulin A [IgA], and C3 complement) in the
glomerulus, or the antigen may be trapped within the glomerulus and
immune complexes formed in situ. Immunofluorescence microscopy shows
lumpy deposits of IgG and C3 complement on the glomerular basement
membrane (see Figure 39-5). When considering IgG nephropathies, the
only location of the IgG immunoglobulins is the correct option.
What is the effect of low plasma albumin?
a. clotting factors decrease, thus increasing the chance of prolonged
bleeding
b. Fewer imunoglobulins are synthesized, thus impairing the immune
function
c. Less iron is stored, thus increasing the incidence of iron deficiency
anemia
d. Osmotic pressure decreases, thus water moves from the capillaries to
the interstitium ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ANS: D
In the case of decreased production (e.g., cirrhosis, other diffuse liver
diseases, protein malnutrition) or excessive loss of albumin (e.g., certain
, kidney diseases, extensive burns), the reduced oncotic pressure leads to
excessive movement of fluid and solutes into the tissues and decreased
blood volume. The other options are not accurate descriptions of the effect
of low plasma albumin.
What is the most commonly reported symptom of cancer treatment?
a. nausea
b. fatigue
c. hair loss
d. weight loss ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ANS: B
Fatigue is the most frequently reported symptom of cancer and cancer
treatment. Although patients report the other options, they are not as
frequently experienced as fatigue.
What characteristic do atopic individuals have that make them genetically
predisposed to develop allergies?
a. greater quantities of histamine
b. more histamine receptors
c. greater quantities of IgE
d. A deficiency in epinephrine ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------
ANS: C
Atopic individuals tend to produce higher quantities of IgE and to have
more crystalline fragment (Fc) receptors for IgE on their mast cells. The
other options do not cause this reaction.
What is the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions? ----
-----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------antibodies bind to the antigens on
the cell surface
The mechanism that results in a type II hypersensitivity reaction begins with
antibody binding to tissue-specific antigens or antigens that have attached
to particular tissues. The cell can be destroyed by antibody IgG or IgM and
activation of the complement cascade through the classical pathway.
ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS |
GRADED A+ | NEWEST VERSION | VERIFIED
ANSWERS
The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is
mediated by which class of immunoglobulins?
a. IgE
b. IgG
c. IgM
d. T cells ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ANS: A
Type I reactions are mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products of
tissue mast cells (see Figure 9-1). The most common allergies (e.g., pollen
allergies) are type I reactions. In addition, most type I reactions occur
against environmental antigens and are therefore allergic. The other
options do not accurately identify the mediation factor related to hay fever.
Which type of antibody is involved in type I hypersensitivity reaction?
a. IgA
b. IgE
c. IgG
d. IgM ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ANS: B
Type I reactions are only mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products
of tissue mast cells
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is
activated?
a. neutrophils
b. monocytes
c. eosinophils
d. T-lymphocytes ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ANS C
Of the options provided, only eosinophils are activated during IgE-mediated
hypersensitivity reactions.
,During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, what causes
bronchospasm?
a. bronchial edema caused by the chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis
b. Bronchial edema caused by biding of the cytotropic antibody
c. Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors
d. Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound H2 receptors ----
-----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ANS: C
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, only smooth muscle
contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors results in
bronchospasms.
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, the degranulation of mast
cells is a result of which receptor action?
a. Histamine bound to H2
b. Chemotactic factor binding to the receptor
c. epinephrine bound to mast cells
acetylcholine bounf to mast cells ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------
ANS: A
Histamine bound to H2 results in the degranulation of mast cells during an
IgE-medicated hypersensitivity reaction. The other options do not cause
this reaction.
What is the effect of increased secretions of epinephrine, glucagon, and
growth hormone?
a. hyperglycemia
b. hypertension
c. bronchodilation
d. pupil dilation ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ANS: A
Cortisol enhances the elevation of blood glucose promoted by other
hormones, such as epinephrine, glucagon, and growth hormone.
,Which hormone increases the formation of glucose from amino acids and
free fatty acids?
a. epinephrine
b. norepinephrine
c. cortisol
d. growth hormone ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ANS: C
One of the primary effects of cortisol is the stimulation of gluconeogenesis
or the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino
or free fatty acids in the liver. Neither reaction is a result of the effects of
any of the other options.
In immunoglobulin G (IgG) nephropathies such as glomerulonephritis, IgG
is deposited in which location?
a. juxtamedullary nephrons
b. Glomerulus basement membranes
c. Mesangium of the glomerular capillaries
d. parietal epithelium ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ANS: B
Glomerulonephritis develops with the deposition of antigen-antibody
complexes (IgG, immunoglobulin A [IgA], and C3 complement) in the
glomerulus, or the antigen may be trapped within the glomerulus and
immune complexes formed in situ. Immunofluorescence microscopy shows
lumpy deposits of IgG and C3 complement on the glomerular basement
membrane (see Figure 39-5). When considering IgG nephropathies, the
only location of the IgG immunoglobulins is the correct option.
What is the effect of low plasma albumin?
a. clotting factors decrease, thus increasing the chance of prolonged
bleeding
b. Fewer imunoglobulins are synthesized, thus impairing the immune
function
c. Less iron is stored, thus increasing the incidence of iron deficiency
anemia
d. Osmotic pressure decreases, thus water moves from the capillaries to
the interstitium ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ANS: D
In the case of decreased production (e.g., cirrhosis, other diffuse liver
diseases, protein malnutrition) or excessive loss of albumin (e.g., certain
, kidney diseases, extensive burns), the reduced oncotic pressure leads to
excessive movement of fluid and solutes into the tissues and decreased
blood volume. The other options are not accurate descriptions of the effect
of low plasma albumin.
What is the most commonly reported symptom of cancer treatment?
a. nausea
b. fatigue
c. hair loss
d. weight loss ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ANS: B
Fatigue is the most frequently reported symptom of cancer and cancer
treatment. Although patients report the other options, they are not as
frequently experienced as fatigue.
What characteristic do atopic individuals have that make them genetically
predisposed to develop allergies?
a. greater quantities of histamine
b. more histamine receptors
c. greater quantities of IgE
d. A deficiency in epinephrine ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------
ANS: C
Atopic individuals tend to produce higher quantities of IgE and to have
more crystalline fragment (Fc) receptors for IgE on their mast cells. The
other options do not cause this reaction.
What is the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions? ----
-----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------antibodies bind to the antigens on
the cell surface
The mechanism that results in a type II hypersensitivity reaction begins with
antibody binding to tissue-specific antigens or antigens that have attached
to particular tissues. The cell can be destroyed by antibody IgG or IgM and
activation of the complement cascade through the classical pathway.
