Crowd Management FINAL EXAM LATEST VERSION 174 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH STUDY GUIDE DETAILED AND VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS,
LATEST UPDATE 2025
Crowd Surges - CORRECT ANSWER - A "surge" is a sudden and powerful
movement like one would witness with waves of the ocean tide
- Unrelenting pressure from all side- a crushing "drowning" in a sea of people
- Occur in places where too many people are crowded in one place (entrance/exit,
standing in a room)
2 Components - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Dense Crowd- lots of people in one
place; force magnifies at the epicenter or on the edges
2. Catalyst- something that causes crowd to shift or move [sudden rain, more people,
fights]
Most deaths caused by asphyxiations, not trampling (people squeezed so hard they
can't breathe)
- Pushing from the back to front; from the front to back; & potentially from the top if one
falls
- Often caused by failure to create a safe environment (not always a stampede)
Crowd Stampede - CORRECT ANSWER - Occurs when a crowd of people move
in the same direction at the same time- some may collide or pile up against or on top of
each other
- Impulsive, caused by catalysts
Crowd Density - CORRECT ANSWER Person per Sq Meter or 10 sq ft
2 - Safe Density at which we typically use when planning crowded spaces. The crowd
has good free following movement [GREEN]
3 - Movement starts being constricted [YELLOW]
4-5 - Critical density during which crowd surges are likely to occur [RED]
6-7 - Movement is very limited to a dangerous level [RED]
[10] 8+ - Movement is almost impossible due to pressure on each person [RED]
Event Phases - CORRECT ANSWER A- arrival
L- Last mile
I- Ingress
C- Circulation
E- Egress
D- Dispersal
Arrival - CORRECT ANSWER - Local Area
-Transportation hub
- Parking Facilities
,Last Mile - CORRECT ANSWER - Between arrival and facility
- Line queuing close to venue
Ingress - CORRECT ANSWER - Entering the venue/ event
Circulation - CORRECT ANSWER - Movement in event/venue
- Crowd dynamics such as collapses or sure at stage
Egress - CORRECT ANSWER - Crowd leaving venue/event
Dispersal - CORRECT ANSWER - Crowd leaving area around event/ venue
- Back to parking lot to transportation hub
Crowd Science Principles - CORRECT ANSWER - People don't go 'mad' in crowd-
they retain the ability to think for themselves
- Human behavior is influenced by 'cues' in the social and physical environment
- Security interactions with crowd can suppress or encourage violence
Crowd Psychology - CORRECT ANSWER Contagion Theory- people lose their
individual identity and their capacity for reason or judgment (can get the leader to get
the crowd to do whatever they want)
Deindividuation Theory- individual seld becomes occluded through anonymity in groups
resulting in uncontrolled behavior [Mob theory, lose yourself and follow the crowd]
Social Identity Theory- a shift from person identity to identity within a group- social
identification transforms the interpersonal relations between people leading to
coordinates collective actions (your own identity, but come into group identity)
Maslow Hierarchy of Human Need - CORRECT ANSWER Top to Bottom:
Self-actualization
Respect
Social
Safety
Physiological
Safety - CORRECT ANSWER You have to feel safe, secure, have to feel things
are okay and not going to be harmed
If you don't meet those needs then you will find other ways to do that, people change
their behavior when their hungry
Physiological - CORRECT ANSWER is what you need to survive, food, water,
shelter
Crowd Science Principles 80-20 Rule Applied - CORRECT ANSWER The 80-20
rules says that 80% of outcomes are caused of 20% of inputs
, - 20% of criminals commit 80% of crimes
- 20% of drivers cause 80% of all traffic accidents
- 80% of pollution originates from 20% of all factories
- 20% of a companies products represent 80% of sales
- 20% of employees are responsible for 80 of the results
- 20% of students have grades 80% or higher
True for all aspects of life
- 20% of the crowd are cause 80% of problems****
Risk Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER - Determine the likelihood,
vulnerabilities, and consequences [impact] of the crowd
- What could happen if an issue arises?
- What characteristics will impact behavior?
- Crowds act diff when lights are on and when lights are off
- What could cause the issues? How do we mitigate those crowds?
- If something happens what is the consequence?
- Injury, death
Control Measures - CORRECT ANSWER Design: Environmental and Physical
Aspects
Information
Management
Design Control Measures - CORRECT ANSWER - Arrival routs
- Queting
- Ingress lanes
- Walkways
- Holding areas
- Venue Placement and Capacity
- Barricade placement
Information Control Measures - CORRECT ANSWER - Signage
- Video Screens
- Live Incidents Videos
- Radio communication
- PA system
- Ushers/ Security with Bullhorns
Management Control Measures - CORRECT ANSWER - Command and Control
- CCTV Monitoring
- Changeable Visual Signage
- Incident Management System
- Scripted PA message
- Usher/ security resource
ANSWERS WITH STUDY GUIDE DETAILED AND VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS,
LATEST UPDATE 2025
Crowd Surges - CORRECT ANSWER - A "surge" is a sudden and powerful
movement like one would witness with waves of the ocean tide
- Unrelenting pressure from all side- a crushing "drowning" in a sea of people
- Occur in places where too many people are crowded in one place (entrance/exit,
standing in a room)
2 Components - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Dense Crowd- lots of people in one
place; force magnifies at the epicenter or on the edges
2. Catalyst- something that causes crowd to shift or move [sudden rain, more people,
fights]
Most deaths caused by asphyxiations, not trampling (people squeezed so hard they
can't breathe)
- Pushing from the back to front; from the front to back; & potentially from the top if one
falls
- Often caused by failure to create a safe environment (not always a stampede)
Crowd Stampede - CORRECT ANSWER - Occurs when a crowd of people move
in the same direction at the same time- some may collide or pile up against or on top of
each other
- Impulsive, caused by catalysts
Crowd Density - CORRECT ANSWER Person per Sq Meter or 10 sq ft
2 - Safe Density at which we typically use when planning crowded spaces. The crowd
has good free following movement [GREEN]
3 - Movement starts being constricted [YELLOW]
4-5 - Critical density during which crowd surges are likely to occur [RED]
6-7 - Movement is very limited to a dangerous level [RED]
[10] 8+ - Movement is almost impossible due to pressure on each person [RED]
Event Phases - CORRECT ANSWER A- arrival
L- Last mile
I- Ingress
C- Circulation
E- Egress
D- Dispersal
Arrival - CORRECT ANSWER - Local Area
-Transportation hub
- Parking Facilities
,Last Mile - CORRECT ANSWER - Between arrival and facility
- Line queuing close to venue
Ingress - CORRECT ANSWER - Entering the venue/ event
Circulation - CORRECT ANSWER - Movement in event/venue
- Crowd dynamics such as collapses or sure at stage
Egress - CORRECT ANSWER - Crowd leaving venue/event
Dispersal - CORRECT ANSWER - Crowd leaving area around event/ venue
- Back to parking lot to transportation hub
Crowd Science Principles - CORRECT ANSWER - People don't go 'mad' in crowd-
they retain the ability to think for themselves
- Human behavior is influenced by 'cues' in the social and physical environment
- Security interactions with crowd can suppress or encourage violence
Crowd Psychology - CORRECT ANSWER Contagion Theory- people lose their
individual identity and their capacity for reason or judgment (can get the leader to get
the crowd to do whatever they want)
Deindividuation Theory- individual seld becomes occluded through anonymity in groups
resulting in uncontrolled behavior [Mob theory, lose yourself and follow the crowd]
Social Identity Theory- a shift from person identity to identity within a group- social
identification transforms the interpersonal relations between people leading to
coordinates collective actions (your own identity, but come into group identity)
Maslow Hierarchy of Human Need - CORRECT ANSWER Top to Bottom:
Self-actualization
Respect
Social
Safety
Physiological
Safety - CORRECT ANSWER You have to feel safe, secure, have to feel things
are okay and not going to be harmed
If you don't meet those needs then you will find other ways to do that, people change
their behavior when their hungry
Physiological - CORRECT ANSWER is what you need to survive, food, water,
shelter
Crowd Science Principles 80-20 Rule Applied - CORRECT ANSWER The 80-20
rules says that 80% of outcomes are caused of 20% of inputs
, - 20% of criminals commit 80% of crimes
- 20% of drivers cause 80% of all traffic accidents
- 80% of pollution originates from 20% of all factories
- 20% of a companies products represent 80% of sales
- 20% of employees are responsible for 80 of the results
- 20% of students have grades 80% or higher
True for all aspects of life
- 20% of the crowd are cause 80% of problems****
Risk Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER - Determine the likelihood,
vulnerabilities, and consequences [impact] of the crowd
- What could happen if an issue arises?
- What characteristics will impact behavior?
- Crowds act diff when lights are on and when lights are off
- What could cause the issues? How do we mitigate those crowds?
- If something happens what is the consequence?
- Injury, death
Control Measures - CORRECT ANSWER Design: Environmental and Physical
Aspects
Information
Management
Design Control Measures - CORRECT ANSWER - Arrival routs
- Queting
- Ingress lanes
- Walkways
- Holding areas
- Venue Placement and Capacity
- Barricade placement
Information Control Measures - CORRECT ANSWER - Signage
- Video Screens
- Live Incidents Videos
- Radio communication
- PA system
- Ushers/ Security with Bullhorns
Management Control Measures - CORRECT ANSWER - Command and Control
- CCTV Monitoring
- Changeable Visual Signage
- Incident Management System
- Scripted PA message
- Usher/ security resource
