1
MCDB 1B FINAL EXAM LATEST UPDATES -2025/2026- ACTUAL
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
____________ are regularly arranged within the kidney, with more than
____________ per kidney
Nephrons ; 1 million
Cortical nephron (% of nephrons)
85%
Juxtamedullary nephron (% of nephrons)
15%
Renal pyramid
Within these are thousands of nephrons
Some animals convert toxic ______________ to less toxic compounds prior to
excretion
ammonia (NH3)
Animals excrete nitrogenous wastes in the forms of _______________, which
differ in toxicity and the energy costs of producing them
, 2
-ammonia (aquatic animals, most bony fish)
-urea (mammals, amphibians, sharks, some bony fish)
-uric acid (birds and other reptiles, insects, snails)
*Ammonia is least energy costly but most toxic, uric acid is most energy costly but
least toxic
Secretion
Adding nonessential solutes and wastes to the filtrate
Glomeruli
Filter of the blood that lies in the cortex; highly permeable capillary beds
Renal tubules
Loop through the medulla; site of tubular secretion and absorption, surrounded
by capillaries
Collecting ducts
Start at cortex, pass through medulla, empty into the ureter; site of urine
processing (concentration or dilution)
3 major parts of a nephron
, 3
1. Renal corpuscle
2. Renal tubule
3. Collecting duct
Renal corpuscle
Site of filtration, composed of:
-Bowman's capsule
-Glomeruli
-Podocytes
Bowman's capsule cells surround the _____________
glomeruli
Glomeruli are _____________________
highly permeable capillary beds
Podocytes
-Surface cells of the Bowman's capsule
-octupi that wrap around the capillary to provide selectivity
-do not move
___________________ forces water and small molecules from glomerulus into
Bowman's capsule; ______________ are retained in the blood
, 4
Blood pressure ; cells and large molecules
Adult human kidneys recieve ____________ of blood/day, filter _______
liters/day, and urinate only _______ liters
1100-2000 ; 180; 2-3
_________ of volume is reabsorbed in proximal tubule, descending limb of loop of
Henle and collecting duct
98-99%
Renal Tubule Structure/function
-Tubules loop across the kidney
-There are different zones with different functions:
1. Proximal convoluted tube
2. Loop of Henle
3. Distal convoluted tubule
4. Collecting duct
Nephrons feed into a single _______________ which feeds into the
_________________ which feeds to the ___________ then the ___________
MCDB 1B FINAL EXAM LATEST UPDATES -2025/2026- ACTUAL
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
____________ are regularly arranged within the kidney, with more than
____________ per kidney
Nephrons ; 1 million
Cortical nephron (% of nephrons)
85%
Juxtamedullary nephron (% of nephrons)
15%
Renal pyramid
Within these are thousands of nephrons
Some animals convert toxic ______________ to less toxic compounds prior to
excretion
ammonia (NH3)
Animals excrete nitrogenous wastes in the forms of _______________, which
differ in toxicity and the energy costs of producing them
, 2
-ammonia (aquatic animals, most bony fish)
-urea (mammals, amphibians, sharks, some bony fish)
-uric acid (birds and other reptiles, insects, snails)
*Ammonia is least energy costly but most toxic, uric acid is most energy costly but
least toxic
Secretion
Adding nonessential solutes and wastes to the filtrate
Glomeruli
Filter of the blood that lies in the cortex; highly permeable capillary beds
Renal tubules
Loop through the medulla; site of tubular secretion and absorption, surrounded
by capillaries
Collecting ducts
Start at cortex, pass through medulla, empty into the ureter; site of urine
processing (concentration or dilution)
3 major parts of a nephron
, 3
1. Renal corpuscle
2. Renal tubule
3. Collecting duct
Renal corpuscle
Site of filtration, composed of:
-Bowman's capsule
-Glomeruli
-Podocytes
Bowman's capsule cells surround the _____________
glomeruli
Glomeruli are _____________________
highly permeable capillary beds
Podocytes
-Surface cells of the Bowman's capsule
-octupi that wrap around the capillary to provide selectivity
-do not move
___________________ forces water and small molecules from glomerulus into
Bowman's capsule; ______________ are retained in the blood
, 4
Blood pressure ; cells and large molecules
Adult human kidneys recieve ____________ of blood/day, filter _______
liters/day, and urinate only _______ liters
1100-2000 ; 180; 2-3
_________ of volume is reabsorbed in proximal tubule, descending limb of loop of
Henle and collecting duct
98-99%
Renal Tubule Structure/function
-Tubules loop across the kidney
-There are different zones with different functions:
1. Proximal convoluted tube
2. Loop of Henle
3. Distal convoluted tubule
4. Collecting duct
Nephrons feed into a single _______________ which feeds into the
_________________ which feeds to the ___________ then the ___________
