NRNP 6665 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Signs and symptoms according to the DSM-5-TR - Deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive functioning (Lee et al., 2023) Occurring before the age of 22 (Lee et al., 2023) Differential diagnoses - Child abuse, debilitating medical diseases, cerebral palsy, sensory disability, and speech disorder (Lee et al., 2023) Incidence - Peaks between 10 and 14 years old (Lee et al., 2023) 1.5x more prevalent in males versus females (Lee et al., 2023) Etiology - Genetic- Phenylketonuria, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and Rett syndrome are all inborn errors of metabolism that can cause neurodevelopmental defects or neurodegeneration (Lee et al., 2023) Environmental- Toxic substances (alcohol, illicit drugs), infectious agents (rubella, HIV), and uncontrolled maternal medical conditions (hypertension, asthma, urinary tract infection, pre-pregnancy obesity, or pre-pregnancy diabetes) (Lee et al., 2023) Prognosis - Deficits seen in intellectual disability are permanent (Lee et al., 2023) With adequate interventions those with; Mild intellectual disability might achieve adequate language and social skills to function independently (Lee et al., 2023) Moderate intellectual disability might achieve a second-grade level of language and social skills (Lee et al., 2023) Severe intellectual disability might not be able to communicate orally (Lee et al., 2023) Considerations related to culture, gender, age - Age, development, and language need to be taken into consideration when educating those about intellectual disability Pharmacological treatments, including any side effects - Aggression and self-injurious behaviors- Risperidone and aripiprazole Side effects: weight gain, sedation, insomnia, tardive dyskinesia, akathisia, change in cholesterol, change in QT interval (Pillinger et al., 2023) Depression- Fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline Side effects: nausea and vomiting, dizziness, headache, sedation, insomnia, dry mouth, constipation, sweating, weight gain, sexual dysfunction (Pillinger et al., 2023) Involuntary movements- Reportedly, antipsychotics and SSRIs mentioned above Nonpharmacological treatments - Educational support- special education programs in schools, academic modifications, and transition planning to aid in self-sufficiency from childhood to adulthood (Lee et al., 2023) Behavioral intervention- behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy are used to manage undesirable behaviors (Lee et al., 2023) Vocational training- with a social worker, occupational therapist, teacher, counselor, and/or psychologist helps adolescents and young adults learn ADLs and responsibilities to become self-sufficient (Lee et al., 2023)