Migration The movement of people from one country to another. Births - Birth rate: Number of - Total fertility rate: Number of
births per thousand of children women have during their
Emigration - People leaving the
Push Factors Pull Factors the population per year fertile years (15-44) on average.
country causing a decrease in
population; Tends to be students Births along with stillbirths are decreasing.
- Unemployment - Potential jobs wanting to study abroad or Over ½ of births were registered to women outside of marriage.
- Not a safe area - Safer environment younger individuals travelling.
- Conflict - Better services Baby Booms - Where birth rates spike significantly despite previous years’ rates.
- Lack of services - Greater wealth Immigration - People travelling to
- Poverty - Fertile land another country; Tends to be
people from poorer countries There have been three baby booms: Reasons for Increase:
- Crop failure - Abundance of food
seeking better opportunities to 1. 1914-1918 post World War 1 - Changes in Attitudes
- Drought - Friends and family
work or support their family 2. 1939-1945 post World War 2 - Medical Advancements
3. 1960s strong postwar economy - Strong economy/economic changes
Net Migration = Immigration - Emigration
Forced Migration - People forced
↑ Total difference in the population for a country to move from one country to
- Effects on changes in the family
another, e.g. Ukrainian refugees The family: Smaller families mean women are able to work more, commonly resulting
Pros of Migration Cons of Migration in dual income. However, wealthier couples are more likely to have larger families as
Voluntary Migration - they can afford childcare whilst they go to work; they can childbear all they like.
- Skilled Workforce - Cultural clashes, People moving from Public services and policies: Less children = Fewer schools, less
- Diversity, segregation one country to maternity/paternity services needed.
Multiculturalism - Depression of another by choice Overall this therefore decreases the workforce, and effects the costs of
- Younger, More wages. e.g. Working for maternity/paternity leave etc. Results in an ageing population.
capable population RAF like piloting. Family 4.2.2 -
Demographic Dependency ratio: Children make up a large percentage of the ratio. A
trends in the UK fall in children leads to a reduced ‘burden of dependency’.
Deaths - Life expectancy: The
- Death rate: Number of
average time someone since 1900 ↑ However, with less children, long term this leads to less working
deaths per 1000 people population and the burden may begin to rise again.
born that year is
expected to live - Reasons for decline in birth rate
Over time, the death rate has declined with the death rate in 1950 being 11.8, and now 9.4 in 2023. 1. Women’s position - Women are now employed with paid work,
outside of the home. Abortion and reliable contraceptives now exist.
- Reasons for decline in death rate Legal equality, some women are career driven rather than worrying
Advances in medicine: Creation of the NHS. With research and development creating improvements in about childbearing
the 1980s and 90s, 2.4 years have been added to men’s life expectancy.
Life expectancy has increased overall.
2. Economic liability - Raising a child up to the age of 18
Lifestyle changes: Healthier diets due to high availability of global food products can cost around £200,000 overall.
Higher standards of living: Better quality housing with improved insulation and double glazed windows.
Families and households: Grandparents play a bigger role which makes the beanpole structure (long and thin) a 3. Child centredness - Childhood now seen as
common occurrence in families. something unique and very important. Qualitative
values over quantitative values, having less
- Effects of declining death rate children and treasuring them more.
Leads to higher dependency ratio: Larger non-working population that is dependent on the young and economically
productive part of the population as well as the government.
- Infant mortality rate: Number of infants
The effects of an ageing population means more one-person pensioner households, which currently takes account for who die before their first birthday per 1000
15% of all households
births per thousand of children women have during their
Emigration - People leaving the
Push Factors Pull Factors the population per year fertile years (15-44) on average.
country causing a decrease in
population; Tends to be students Births along with stillbirths are decreasing.
- Unemployment - Potential jobs wanting to study abroad or Over ½ of births were registered to women outside of marriage.
- Not a safe area - Safer environment younger individuals travelling.
- Conflict - Better services Baby Booms - Where birth rates spike significantly despite previous years’ rates.
- Lack of services - Greater wealth Immigration - People travelling to
- Poverty - Fertile land another country; Tends to be
people from poorer countries There have been three baby booms: Reasons for Increase:
- Crop failure - Abundance of food
seeking better opportunities to 1. 1914-1918 post World War 1 - Changes in Attitudes
- Drought - Friends and family
work or support their family 2. 1939-1945 post World War 2 - Medical Advancements
3. 1960s strong postwar economy - Strong economy/economic changes
Net Migration = Immigration - Emigration
Forced Migration - People forced
↑ Total difference in the population for a country to move from one country to
- Effects on changes in the family
another, e.g. Ukrainian refugees The family: Smaller families mean women are able to work more, commonly resulting
Pros of Migration Cons of Migration in dual income. However, wealthier couples are more likely to have larger families as
Voluntary Migration - they can afford childcare whilst they go to work; they can childbear all they like.
- Skilled Workforce - Cultural clashes, People moving from Public services and policies: Less children = Fewer schools, less
- Diversity, segregation one country to maternity/paternity services needed.
Multiculturalism - Depression of another by choice Overall this therefore decreases the workforce, and effects the costs of
- Younger, More wages. e.g. Working for maternity/paternity leave etc. Results in an ageing population.
capable population RAF like piloting. Family 4.2.2 -
Demographic Dependency ratio: Children make up a large percentage of the ratio. A
trends in the UK fall in children leads to a reduced ‘burden of dependency’.
Deaths - Life expectancy: The
- Death rate: Number of
average time someone since 1900 ↑ However, with less children, long term this leads to less working
deaths per 1000 people population and the burden may begin to rise again.
born that year is
expected to live - Reasons for decline in birth rate
Over time, the death rate has declined with the death rate in 1950 being 11.8, and now 9.4 in 2023. 1. Women’s position - Women are now employed with paid work,
outside of the home. Abortion and reliable contraceptives now exist.
- Reasons for decline in death rate Legal equality, some women are career driven rather than worrying
Advances in medicine: Creation of the NHS. With research and development creating improvements in about childbearing
the 1980s and 90s, 2.4 years have been added to men’s life expectancy.
Life expectancy has increased overall.
2. Economic liability - Raising a child up to the age of 18
Lifestyle changes: Healthier diets due to high availability of global food products can cost around £200,000 overall.
Higher standards of living: Better quality housing with improved insulation and double glazed windows.
Families and households: Grandparents play a bigger role which makes the beanpole structure (long and thin) a 3. Child centredness - Childhood now seen as
common occurrence in families. something unique and very important. Qualitative
values over quantitative values, having less
- Effects of declining death rate children and treasuring them more.
Leads to higher dependency ratio: Larger non-working population that is dependent on the young and economically
productive part of the population as well as the government.
- Infant mortality rate: Number of infants
The effects of an ageing population means more one-person pensioner households, which currently takes account for who die before their first birthday per 1000
15% of all households
