ENVSOCTY 1HB3 FINAL EXAM 2025 Questions with 100% Correct Verified Solutions||ALREADY GRADED For100% GUARANTEED PASSBRAND NEW VERSION McMaster University

ENVSOCTY 1HB3 FINAL EXAM 2025 Questions with 100% Correct Verified Solutions||ALREADY GRADED For100% GUARANTEED PASSBRAND NEW VERSION McMaster University Stages of DTT - ANSWER 1. high BR, high DR 2. High BR, declining DR 3. Declining BR, declining DR 4. Low BR, low DR to what extent does the DTT model fit with the experiences in the MDW and LDW? - ANSWER - fits MDW very well - much of LDW resembles stage 3 Population structure - ANSWER the composition of a population, the most important elements of which are age and sex Population Pyramid - ANSWER a diagrammatic way of showing the age and sex structure of a population -expanding populations= fertility rates are high -diminishing populations= fertility rates are low spatial distribution - ANSWER T or F: core countries depend on immigration to sustain population and economic growth - ANSWER true net migration - ANSWER immigration - emigration destination countries - ANSWER typically low natural population growth, low economic and social development source countries - ANSWER typically high natural population growth, low economic and social development why do people migrate? - ANSWER 1. push-pull logic 2. the ravenstein laws push-pull logic - ANSWER push: being in an undesirable place - local economic crises, cultural or political oppression, environmental or political crises pull: aware of a more desirable place - economic opportunities, family reunification, freedoms, environment and amenities 3 forms of push-pull logic - ANSWER 1. economic 2. political/ cultural 3. environmental economic form - ANSWER - consequence of differences in wages - threat to survival exists due to inadequate supply of food, shelter etc political/cultural form - ANSWER threat to survive due to political or religious beliefs - desire for a different way of life environmental - ANSWER - a movement that results from differences in local/ regional environmental conditions i.e. severe weather, desertification, pollution etc. The Ravenstein laws - ANSWER a series of generalizations drawn from observations of migration behaviour as illustrated in historical census data - short distance - intermediate steps - men migrate internationally more than women and most international migrants are adults without families - rural to urban intra-regional migration is usually characterized by this migration - large cities migrants are usually drawn to large centres of economic activity types of migration - ANSWER 1. Free (voluntary) 2. Forced 3. Impelled 4. Illegal free migration - ANSWER - migration from one country to another - today is thwarted due to immigration laws - much takes place within countries because of this Forced Migration - ANSWER Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors. - slavery long history, greeks, romans, and colonial european powers used slaves to produce food, perform essential services etc. -non slavery indonesia, china, siberia impelled migration - ANSWER - movement where choice is limited - face of persecution, famine, natural disaster, war etc Illegal Migration - ANSWER -migration in violation of local immigration laws, or continued residence beyond the permissible time-period - estimating the number of illegal immigrants - mexico-us border; 10m immigrants in the us caused them to b uild the wall - africa to europe is dangerous trek refugee - ANSWER an individual who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster or political instability international refugee convention - ANSWER someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion migrant - ANSWER - move for a variety of reasons and some may return to their home after a period of time - typically plan their migration and bring some possessions - many migrate due to dangers in their home the modern refugee system - ANSWER post-WWII when millions were uprooted by war - Historic: South Asia, Southeastern Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe - Contemporary: syria, Venezuela, Myanmar UNHCR - ANSWER United Nations High Commission for Refugees Internally Displaced Person (IDP) - ANSWER An individual forced to flee their home in the face of persecution (religious, ethnic, political, etc.) or other threats to safety (war, natural disaster, political instability, etc.); unlike a refugee, they do not leave their home country. Venezuela case study - ANSWER - political and economic crisis: violence, crime, hunger, disease, hyperinflation, and an emigration crisis - 3.4 m refugees; 1.1m Colombia, 0.5m Peru, 0.3 m Chile, 0.2m Ecuador, 0.1m Argentina, 0.1m Brazil Myanmar Case Study - ANSWER - Rohingya: religious minority in myanmar since independence from the British in 1948 the Rohingya have been denied citizenship and persecuted - mass migration out of Rakhine state UN: ethic genocide Myanmar: fighting a terrorist insurgency -1m refugees have moved into camps in neighbouring countries Syria case study - ANSWER - series of uprisings against oppressive governments across the Arab world seeking social, political and economic reform government leaders , some were replaced economic reform, some were introduced little has changed in most places and most countries are still under authoritarian rule - Syria protests against the government president Al-Asaad country descended into full-scale and multi-dimensional civil war Most Syrians remain within country as IDPs North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa case study - ANSWER - many other countries in the middle east, north africa, and sub-saharan africa have circumstances precipitating refugee migration Europe 5 m illegal crossings between - dangerous journey, 20,000 migrants have died human traffickers have exploited the desperation of many migrants what do the case studies have in common? - ANSWER - inequalities in social and economic development, political discord and cultural persecution drive people to seek safe refuge - most refugees seek safe refuge in nearby countries safety is tenuous, and conditions in refugee camps are harsh - some refugees will return home when circumstances change, but many will remain abroad = mostly as valuable contributors to society voluntary repatriation - ANSWER where refugees voluntarily return home - not possible for many circumstances in their homeland have often not changed local settlement/ integration - ANSWER settlement in a neighbouring country neighbouring countries often face similar issues, and so offering settlement is often a serious problem and burden resettlement - ANSWER the acceptance, by more distant countries, of refugees many countries are reluctant to accept refugees; presently only about 20 countries do so Medical Geography (traditional) - ANSWER the study of the spatial context of disease Health geography - ANSWER the study of the spatial context of health and well-being Four "D's" of Health Geography - ANSWER 1. Distribution 2. Diffusion 3. Determinants 4. Delivery Distribution - ANSWER the spatial arrangement of health and disease within an area - the birth of medical geography and epidemiology Diffusion - ANSWER The spread of health and disease over space and through time Determinants - ANSWER The factors affecting health - income/ wealth, behavioural factors, social environment, physical environment, genetics, etc. Delivery - ANSWER The provision of health care services - public vs private vs traditional (healers) vs ancillary - quality of care as well as the cost of care health care - ANSWER the maintenance and improvement of physical and mental health, especially through the provision of medical services. - prevention, diagnosis, treatment Epidemic - ANSWER a rapid increase of relatively short duration in the number of a disease within a population - influenze, salmonella, meningitis, ebola etc Pandemic - ANSWER an outbreak of disease that is of greater scope and scale than an epidemic - influenza, plague, HIV/ AIDs, COVID-19 1918 spanish flu - ANSWER 500 million were infected, 50-100 million died COVID-19 - ANSWER - 250m cases, ~5m deaths - life altering responses behavioural changes, closures, lockdowns, online epidemiology - ANSWER the study of the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases epidemiological transition theory - ANSWER a descriptive generalization of the transition in the dominant causes of death in a population over time, typically exemplified by a relative decline in infectious diseases and an increase in degenerative disease infectous disease - ANSWER diseases that spread from human to human via bacteria or viruses degenerative diseases - ANSWER diseases that are long-lasting and result from a gradual degeneration of the body five ages of the ETT - ANSWER 1. pestilence and famine 2. receding pandemic 3. degenerative diseases ed degenerative diseases 5. new age? return of infectious diseases age of pestilence and famine - ANSWER dominated by infectious and parasitic diseases, and regular periods of famine - e.g., black death in 1300s age of receding pandemics - ANSWER the beginnings of controlling infectious diseases through public health, sanitation etc age of degenerative diseases - ANSWER the emergence of degenerative diseases and chronic disorders associated with aging age of delayed degenerative diseases - ANSWER the extension of life through medical care and prescription medicine, allowing people to live to a very old age a new age? return of infectious disease - ANSWER the possible return of infectious diseases, such as antibiotic resistant microbes, avian or swine flu cities are - ANSWER - location of innovation - home of a growing majority of the world's population - marked by social/ cultural diversity, and contrasts of wealth and poverty - facing an array of planning an environmental challenges urban studies - ANSWER -the study of cities as a form of human settlement -historical and contemporary perspectives -interdisciplinary urban geography - ANSWER -understanding the spatial dimensions of cities urban systems human geographic patterns and interactions within cities - interdisciplinary, varying perspectives, etc. urbanization - ANSWER the spread and growth of cities; an increasing proportion of a population living in urban areas population growth - ANSWER will be in the urban areas region of first cities - ANSWER Mesopotamia or Iraq - followed closely by several other areas Urban hearth area - ANSWER the area where a particular cultural trait originates the agricultural surplus theory - ANSWER agricultural production that exceeds the sustenance needs of the producer and is sold to, or exchanged with, others Foraging societies - ANSWER millions of years agricultural revolution - ANSWER the gradual transition of human subsistence, beginning about 12,000 years ago from dependence on foraging to food production through plant and animal domestication - key transformation: permanent settlements; though still rural urban societies led to emergence of cities - ANSWER -surplus led to a second key transformation; labour specialization production of tools, goods etc services; administration, religion, military, education agglomeration economies - ANSWER clustering of goods and services the emergence of cities represents this - ANSWER urban revolution different forms of settlements - ANSWER - forms of economic activity - forms of social organization - social institutions - people relied on others for their survival - sedentary vs nomandic towns and cities - ANSWER between Mesopotamia ~5500 ya and 1700s - small and compact - local and regional trade, education, religion and/ or governance industrial societies; industrial revolution - ANSWER ~late 1700s and 1800s in MDW - critical changes in methods of production and societal "way of life" - agricultural productivity via green revolution - mass production - global trade - demographic change urbanism - ANSWER explosive growth of cities urban/ urban area - ANSWER the spatial extent of the built-up area surrounding and including by some incorporated municipality, such as a city; typically assessed by some combination of population size, population density, and the nature of residents' employment two criteria for urban area - ANSWER 1. demographic criteria 2. economic criteria CBD - ANSWER Central Business District (CBD) is the commercial (and sometimes cultural) heart of a city. It is dominated shops and offices many of which are found in tall skyscrapers. City - ANSWER a legally incorporated self-governing unit; an inhabited place of greater size, population, or importance than a town or village suburb - ANSWER A residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city metropolitan area - ANSWER a region comprising two or more functionally connected urban areas and the less densely populated areas between them CMA - ANSWER Census Metropolitan Area - one or more adjacent urban areas/ municipalities - population 100,000 and urban core 50,000 CAs - ANSWER Census agglomerations - same as CMA but urban core population 10,000 urban growth - ANSWER an increase in the absolute size of an urban city - population of each of the two cities has increased urbanization - ANSWER the spread and growth of cities; an increasing proportion of a population living in urban areas - urban system has become more urban De-urbanization - ANSWER becoming less urbanized through a decreasing proportion of a population living in urban areas T or F: urban growth and urbanization always occur at the same time - ANSWER False - consider urban growth without urbanization and - urbanization without urban growth MDW is _______ urbanized and there is _______ variability - ANSWER highly, little LDW is ______ diverse and _____ urbanized - ANSWER more, less levels of urbanization are generally higher in the : MDW or LDW? - ANSWER MDW majority of large cities are in the: MDW or LDW? - ANSWER LDW - with high urban growth rates as wel