NURS 3550 Texas A&M University - Corpus
Christi -NURS 3550: Pharmacology Final
Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
define the elements in a PICO format -correct answer P: population
I: intervention
C: comparison
O: outcome
used for qualitative and quantitative questions
define the elements in a PICOT format -correct answer P: population
I: intervention
C: comparison or clinical issue of interest
O: outcome
T: time frame
can be used in quantitative questions
define the elements of a PICo format -correct answer PI: population/phenonemon of
interest
Co: comparison
can be used in qualitative questions
what factors are involves in choosing a priority clinical question -correct answer - high-
risk problems (patient safety such as falls)
- high volume problems (need a lot of dressings for a large weeping wound)
- is it going to cost a lot? (finding different materials (cheaper) for the same
effectiveness
background question -correct answer usually consist of general information questions
(what, when, where, why, how) outcome ==> uses textbook to find evidence
foreground question -correct answer can be answered from a scientific knowledge
about diagnosis, therapy, treatments, tests, ethology, and prognosis (usually in the
format of a PICOT question)
quantitative questions -correct answer intervention, prognosis, diagnosis, etiology
questions
qualitative questions -correct answer meaning questions (influence on healthcare)
importance of developing searchable questions -correct answer - can give you a starting
point to find an answer to the problem
can help us know the correct way to do things and if that's what we should be doing
(can help us form a focused question)
asking a wrong question can lead to -correct answer - no info
- impact on implementation to practice
,NURS 3550 Texas A&M University - Corpus
Christi -NURS 3550: Pharmacology Final
Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
- lead to bias
- impact the users understanding
independent variable -correct answer the cause, influence, risk factors, and
interventions
dependent variable -correct answer the variable that changes, the outcome that is made
SPIDER framework -correct answer S: sample/population of interest
PI: Phenomenon of Interest: how and why certain experiences, behaviours and
decisions are occurring
D: design (research methodology of interest; survey or questionnaire)
E: evaluation => subjective outcomes like views, attitudes (the emotion behind it)
R: research; either qualitative or mixed-method
what is the spirit of curiosity/inquiry and how does it relate to EIP? -correct answer the
spirit of inquiry is group zero (before the EIP process begins)
- this is when we are working in cultures of curiosity where we feel safe to question and
be curious
if we are uncertain about things, we often feel stuck with not knowing
pre-appraised literature -correct answer when we have the goal to not recognize it is put
together and make directions according to the information
- this is evidence that has been selected from primary studies and evaluated for use by
clinicians
- primary research has not been analyzed and there are no written directions for them in
the study yet
what is the evidence pyramid -correct answer primary original research (bottom):
studies (cohort studies, RCT, case-control studies)
secondary (pre-appraised) research:
- syntheses (systematic reviews)
- synopses (critically-appraised journal articles)
- summaries (critically appraised topics, evidence-based guidelines)
- systems (best practice!) ==> computerized decision support
purpose of systematic review -correct answer - methodological scholarly inquiry
- often known as a study in itself
- usually a process to formulate a summary of the evidence
what kind of evidence does a systematic review generate? -correct answer gold-
standard evidence based information
, NURS 3550 Texas A&M University - Corpus
Christi -NURS 3550: Pharmacology Final
Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
key elements of a systematic review -correct answer - clearly stated objectives: PICO or
PICo question
- explicit, reproducible methodology: looking for particular things, timeframe, date
inclusion
- explain using a systematic search to identify 'all studies'
method to assess risk of bias, summary of measures identified, and identification about
how data is combined
- results: a systematic presentation of the synthesis of findings
- # of studies screened and characteristics
- discussion: what did they find?
- limitations
- funding
meta-analysis -correct answer a higher form of a systematic review. involves statistical
integration of primary quantitative studies and observed patterns that were not
previously detected
Meta analysis vs systematic review -correct answer looks at patterns, sees what the
data supports, and randomized controlled trials that are all pooled together
forrest plot -correct answer a diagram that represents the results of trials, along with
their confidence intervals
- compares the results of studies of the same hypothesis
tells us if the intervention had a big or little effect that is shown in the diagram
clinical practice guidelines -correct answer directly linked to having better practices
- often developed fro big organizations (Diabetes Canada)
key points of clinical practice guideline -correct answer - flexibility (take into
consideration context and population)
- based on a rigorous review of SR and primary studies
- specific diagnosis, treatments, procedures, and processes of care
- reduce unnecessary variations in clinical practice
features of clinical practice guidelines -correct answer - recommendations made for
practice based on systematic reviews of evidence along with benefits and harms
- the strength and quality of the evidence may vary for each recommendation
- can be too many guidelines for one topic
- can be differences in rigour of development and interpretation of evidence resulting in
different or conflicting recommendations
Christi -NURS 3550: Pharmacology Final
Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
define the elements in a PICO format -correct answer P: population
I: intervention
C: comparison
O: outcome
used for qualitative and quantitative questions
define the elements in a PICOT format -correct answer P: population
I: intervention
C: comparison or clinical issue of interest
O: outcome
T: time frame
can be used in quantitative questions
define the elements of a PICo format -correct answer PI: population/phenonemon of
interest
Co: comparison
can be used in qualitative questions
what factors are involves in choosing a priority clinical question -correct answer - high-
risk problems (patient safety such as falls)
- high volume problems (need a lot of dressings for a large weeping wound)
- is it going to cost a lot? (finding different materials (cheaper) for the same
effectiveness
background question -correct answer usually consist of general information questions
(what, when, where, why, how) outcome ==> uses textbook to find evidence
foreground question -correct answer can be answered from a scientific knowledge
about diagnosis, therapy, treatments, tests, ethology, and prognosis (usually in the
format of a PICOT question)
quantitative questions -correct answer intervention, prognosis, diagnosis, etiology
questions
qualitative questions -correct answer meaning questions (influence on healthcare)
importance of developing searchable questions -correct answer - can give you a starting
point to find an answer to the problem
can help us know the correct way to do things and if that's what we should be doing
(can help us form a focused question)
asking a wrong question can lead to -correct answer - no info
- impact on implementation to practice
,NURS 3550 Texas A&M University - Corpus
Christi -NURS 3550: Pharmacology Final
Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
- lead to bias
- impact the users understanding
independent variable -correct answer the cause, influence, risk factors, and
interventions
dependent variable -correct answer the variable that changes, the outcome that is made
SPIDER framework -correct answer S: sample/population of interest
PI: Phenomenon of Interest: how and why certain experiences, behaviours and
decisions are occurring
D: design (research methodology of interest; survey or questionnaire)
E: evaluation => subjective outcomes like views, attitudes (the emotion behind it)
R: research; either qualitative or mixed-method
what is the spirit of curiosity/inquiry and how does it relate to EIP? -correct answer the
spirit of inquiry is group zero (before the EIP process begins)
- this is when we are working in cultures of curiosity where we feel safe to question and
be curious
if we are uncertain about things, we often feel stuck with not knowing
pre-appraised literature -correct answer when we have the goal to not recognize it is put
together and make directions according to the information
- this is evidence that has been selected from primary studies and evaluated for use by
clinicians
- primary research has not been analyzed and there are no written directions for them in
the study yet
what is the evidence pyramid -correct answer primary original research (bottom):
studies (cohort studies, RCT, case-control studies)
secondary (pre-appraised) research:
- syntheses (systematic reviews)
- synopses (critically-appraised journal articles)
- summaries (critically appraised topics, evidence-based guidelines)
- systems (best practice!) ==> computerized decision support
purpose of systematic review -correct answer - methodological scholarly inquiry
- often known as a study in itself
- usually a process to formulate a summary of the evidence
what kind of evidence does a systematic review generate? -correct answer gold-
standard evidence based information
, NURS 3550 Texas A&M University - Corpus
Christi -NURS 3550: Pharmacology Final
Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
key elements of a systematic review -correct answer - clearly stated objectives: PICO or
PICo question
- explicit, reproducible methodology: looking for particular things, timeframe, date
inclusion
- explain using a systematic search to identify 'all studies'
method to assess risk of bias, summary of measures identified, and identification about
how data is combined
- results: a systematic presentation of the synthesis of findings
- # of studies screened and characteristics
- discussion: what did they find?
- limitations
- funding
meta-analysis -correct answer a higher form of a systematic review. involves statistical
integration of primary quantitative studies and observed patterns that were not
previously detected
Meta analysis vs systematic review -correct answer looks at patterns, sees what the
data supports, and randomized controlled trials that are all pooled together
forrest plot -correct answer a diagram that represents the results of trials, along with
their confidence intervals
- compares the results of studies of the same hypothesis
tells us if the intervention had a big or little effect that is shown in the diagram
clinical practice guidelines -correct answer directly linked to having better practices
- often developed fro big organizations (Diabetes Canada)
key points of clinical practice guideline -correct answer - flexibility (take into
consideration context and population)
- based on a rigorous review of SR and primary studies
- specific diagnosis, treatments, procedures, and processes of care
- reduce unnecessary variations in clinical practice
features of clinical practice guidelines -correct answer - recommendations made for
practice based on systematic reviews of evidence along with benefits and harms
- the strength and quality of the evidence may vary for each recommendation
- can be too many guidelines for one topic
- can be differences in rigour of development and interpretation of evidence resulting in
different or conflicting recommendations
