Revision Notes for Class 10 Science • Heat, light, sound, touch, and chemicals with taste and smell are all stimuli that animals 6. Reproduction 6CO2 + 12 H 2 O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
ChlorophyllSunlight
→ C6 H12O6 + 6H 2O + 6O2
respond to swiftly.
• In order for their species to survive, all living organisms must produce offspring who
Chapter 5 - Life Processes
• Plants, on the other hand, appear to be less sensitive and respond more slowly. are genetically identical to themselves.
During this process, the following things happen.
• Reproduction is the term for this process. Plants generate seeds, which germinate and
The study of living things is referred to as biology. Organisms refer to all living things, which produce new plants of the same species. i. Light energy absorption by chlorophyll.
4. Growth
includes both plants and animals. However, seven life processes influence how we determine
• Animals either lay eggs or have children. There are two types of reproduction: sexual ii. Light energy is converted to chemical energy, and water molecules are divided into
if something is alive or not. If anything is alive, it will go through the 7 life processes listed
• Growing is a process that occurs in all living creatures. Plants keep growing for the rest and asexual. hydrogen and oxygen.
below.
of their lives.
• Sexual reproduction includes two parents and the union of two gametes, whereas iii. Carbon dioxide is converted to carbohydrates.
1. Movement
• When animals reach adulthood, they stop growing. asexual reproduction involves one parent reproducing itself.
• Animals and plants both have the ability to move around. Plants are rooted and grow at The roots of these green plants collect water from the soil. Sunlight enters the plant through
• Even when development ceases, an animal's body continues to be replenished with its stomata and is absorbed by chlorophyll and other green elements of the plant.
a leisurely pace.
materials obtained from its food.
7. Nutrition The roots of these green plants collect water from the soil. Sunlight enters the plant through
• Their roots go deeper into the soil, while their stems reach for the sun. Animals, on the
other hand, can shift their entire bodies swiftly. its stomata and is absorbed by chlorophyll and other green elements of the plant.
Food is required for energy and growth in both plants and animals. Photosynthesis allows
5. Excretion plants to produce their own food. Simple molecules like carbon dioxide and water are
• They have the ability to migrate in pursuit of food, shelter, or safety.
converted into more complex carbohydrate molecules using sunlight. Animals are unable to
• All living things produce waste products, which can be either useless or hazardous to produce their own food and must rely on the nourishment of other plants and animals. Animals B. Heterotrophic Nutrition: Heterotrophs are entirely reliant on autotrophs for their
them and hence must be disposed of. consume complicated substances and deconstruct them into small, soluble molecules that can food.
2. Respiration be utilised for energy and growth.
• The process of excretion is the removal of metabolic waste. Heterotrophic nutrition is divided into three categories:
• The process of getting energy from the food we eat is known as respiration. • Nutrition: The process of nutrition provides the energy required to carry out various
• Plants retain waste substances in their leaves, and as the leaves fall off, the garbage is living activities. Organisms are classed as autotrophs or heterotrophs based on their 1. Holozoic Nutrition: Complex foods are ingested through a specialised digestive
eliminated. mode of nourishment. system and broken down into little pieces so that they can be absorbed. For example,
• All living things need to breathe in order to develop, replace worn-out parts and move.
Respiration occurs in the cell's mitochondria. Amoeba and Humans.
• Other waste substances exit the body in urine and sweat, and animals breathe out waste
carbon dioxide. 2. Saprophytic Nutrition: It refers to the feeding of organisms on the dead organic
A. Autotrophic Nutrition: remnants of other creatures. Fungi, for example, enjoy bread moulds, yeast, and
Note: Egestion, not excretion, is the process of getting rid of faeces or undigested food.
3. Sensitivity mushrooms.
When organisms obtain their organic components from inorganic sources, they are said to be
• All living things are sensitive, which means they are aware of changes in their autotrophic. Carbon dioxide and nitrates are the primary sources of carbon and nitrogen, 3. Parasitic Nutrition: Parasites feed on other living beings (the host), with no benefit to
surroundings. respectively. All green plants are autotrophic, meaning they use light as a source of energy to the host. Cuscuta, ticks, lice, leeches, and tapeworms are examples.
produce food via photosynthesis.
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How Do Organisms Obtain their Nutrition? • Food is chewed into minute particles in the mouth and combined with saliva, which • The digested food passes through the cytoplasm by the process of cyclosis and reaches
contains amylase for starch digestion. the food vacuoles, which is then absorbed by the cytoplasm.
• Food goes through the pharynx and oesophagus on its way to the stomach when • The undigested food is later, taken out through the tiny pore known as cytopyge or anal
swallowed. Pepsin (a protein-digesting enzyme), pore.
• HCl and mucus are found in gastric juice.
• The hydrochloric acid generates an acidic environment for the enzyme pepsin to work Respiration:
in. Under normal circumstances, mucus protects the stomach's inner lining from the
acid's activity. The digested food items are broken down during breathing to release energy in the form of
ATP.
• The meal now enters the small intestine from the stomach. The small intestine is where
carbs, proteins, and lipids are completely digested. Respiration can be one of two forms, depending on the amount of oxygen required:
• Bile is secreted by the liver, which emulsifies fat. i. Aerobic respiration: This occurs when there is air present (oxygen). Aquatic species use oxygen dissolved in water for respiration, whereas terrestrial organisms
use air oxygen.
• Pancreatic juice, which contains the enzymes amylase, trypsin, and lipase for digesting ii. Anaerobic respiration: This occurs when there is no (air) oxygen present.
starch, proteins, and fats, is secreted by the pancreas. In humans, inhalation of air occurs through the following pathway: Nostrils
• The breakdown of glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into pyruvate, a three-carbon
• Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are entirely digested in the small intestine, resulting molecule, is the first step in all cases. The cytoplasm was involved in this process. →Nasal passage→ Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea→ Bronchus → Bronchiole→ Alveolus
in glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerol. Pyruvate can also be converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide. During fermentation,
yeast undergoes this process. Anaerobic respiration is the name given to a process that
• The small intestine villi absorb the digested food and deliver it to all of the body's cells. occurs without the presence of oxygen (air). In the mitochondria, pyruvate is broken
down utilising oxygen.
• The undigested food is transferred to the large intestine, where it is absorbed by
additional villi. The anus is used to eliminate the rest of the material from the body. • When compared to anaerobic respiration, aerobic respiration releases a lot of energy.
Food can be taken in by the entire surface of single-celled organisms. For example, an amoeba
takes in food by building a food-vacuole out of transient finger-like extensions of the cell • When there is a shortage of oxygen in our muscle cells, pyruvate is transformed into
surface that fuse over the food particle. Complex compounds are broken down inside the food lactic acid. Cramping occurs when lactic acid builds up in our muscles as a result of an
vacuole into simpler ones, which eventually diffuse into the cytoplasm. The remaining Nutrition in Paramoecium abrupt activity.
undigested material is pushed to the cell's surface and discarded.
• Paramoecium attains nutrition through the process of holozoic nutrition, where the
• Human Nutrition: Food digestion takes place in the alimentary canal, which is made organism ingests liquid or solid food particles inside its body.
up of several organs and glands.
• The cilia present on the Paramoecium help them to engulf the food particles through
• The remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out. the oral groove.
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• Air enters the body via the nostrils in humans. Fine hairs line the channel, filtering the The Heart: • The human heart is divided into four chambers: two atria (right and left) and two • The xylem tissue of roots stems, and leaves (tracheids and vessels) are interwoven to
air that passes through the nose. Mucus lines the channel, assisting in the process. The ventricles (right and left) (right and left). These chambers prevent oxygen-rich blood form a continuous system of water transmitting channels that reaches all parts of the
air then enters the lungs via the throat. The neck is lined with cartilage rings. They keep from mixing with carbon dioxide-rich blood. Deoxygenated blood is delivered to the plant. Water is driven into the xylem cells of the roots as a result of suction pressure
the airway from collapsing. right half of the heart, while oxygenated blood is delivered to the left. created by transpiration. Then, through the interconnecting water-carrying channels,
water moves steadily from the root xylem to all sections of the plant.
• The channel within the lungs divides into smaller and smaller tubes that eventually • The carbon dioxide-rich blood must reach the lungs in order for the carbon dioxide to
finish in balloon-line formations known as alveoli. be eliminated, and the oxygenated blood must return to the heart. The oxygen-rich • Transpiration is the loss of water from the plant's aerial portions in the form of vapour.
blood is subsequently circulated throughout the body. As a result, it aids in the absorption and upward transfer of dissolved minerals in water
• The alveoli of the lungs are densely packed with blood and serve as locations for gas from the roots to the leaves. It also controls the temperature.
exchange • The walls of the ventricles are significantly thicker than the walls of the atrium.
• Translocation happens in phloem and is the movement of soluble photosynthetic
• ( O2 and CO2 O and CO) between the blood and the atmosphere. • Humans have twofold circulation, which means blood passes through the heart twice products. Amino acids and other chemicals are transported via it. Food and other
and oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are separated completely. substances are transported in the sieve tubes in both upward and downward directions
• The blood transports carbon dioxide from the rest of the body to the alveoli, while blood with the help of nearby partner cells.
in the alveolar blood vessels absorbs oxygen from the alveolar air and transports it to • Arteries transport blood from the heart to various regions of the body, while veins return
all of the body's cells. During the breathing cycle, when air is inhaled and exhaled, the it to the heart. Thin capillaries connect arteries to veins, allowing materials to be • Energy is used to facilitate translocation in the phloem. Sucrose is transported into
lungs always have a residual volume of air so that oxygen may be absorbed and carbon exchanged between the blood and cells. phloem tissue with the help of ATP energy. This causes the tissue's osmotic pressure to
dioxide can be exhaled in adequate time. rise, allowing water to enter. This is the pressure. This allows the phloem to transfer
• Platelet cells are found in blood and circulate throughout the body, preventing blood material in accordance with the needs of the plant. For example, in the spring, sugar
• The respiratory pigment haemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the body's loss at the site of damage. stored in root or stem tissue would be transported to the buds which need energy to
various tissues in humans. The red blood cells contain this pigment. grow.
• Lymph has a role in transportation as well. It's similar to blood plasma, but it's
colourless and has less protein. From the intercellular gaps, it empties into lymphatic
capillaries, which connect to major lymph arteries, which then open into bigger veins.
Transportation: It transports fat from the intestine that has been digested and absorbed, as well as excess Excretion:
fluid from extracellular space back into the circulation.
• Transportation in Human Beings: The toxic metabolic nitrogenous wastes produced are excreted from the body during excretion.
The heart, blood, and blood arteries make up the circulatory system, which transports various Excretion in Human Beings:
materials throughout the body. Transportation in plants:
• The excretory system in humans consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urine bladder,
• Plant transport systems will carry raw materials from roots and energy stores from and the urethra. The abdomen has two kidneys, one on each side of the backbone. The
leaves. These two paths are made up of conducting tubes that are set up separately. The ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, where it is held until it
xylem, for example, transports water and minerals from the soil. The phloem, on the is discharged through the urethra.
other hand, carries photosynthetic products from the leaves to other sections of the
plant.
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Excretion in plants:
• Plants do not have an excretory system and excrete through a variety of mechanisms,
including transpiration, waste release into the surrounding soil, leaf loss, and waste
storage in cell vacuoles. Other waste materials are retained in ancient xylem as resins
and gums.
• Nephrons are basic filtration units found in great numbers in each kidney. As the urine
passes along the tube, several substances in the initial filtrate, such as glucose, amino
acids, salts, and a significant amount of water, are selectively reabsorbed. The amount
of water reabsorbed is determined by the amount of excess water in the body as well as
the amount of dissolved waste to be expelled. The urine produced by each kidney
eventually enters the ureter, a lengthy tube that connects the kidneys to the urinary
bladder until the inflated bladder causes the urge to send it out through the urethra.
Because the bladder is muscular, it is controlled by the neurological system. As a result,
we are able to manage our urge to urinate.
www.vedantu.com 13 www.vedantu.com 14
ChlorophyllSunlight
→ C6 H12O6 + 6H 2O + 6O2
respond to swiftly.
• In order for their species to survive, all living organisms must produce offspring who
Chapter 5 - Life Processes
• Plants, on the other hand, appear to be less sensitive and respond more slowly. are genetically identical to themselves.
During this process, the following things happen.
• Reproduction is the term for this process. Plants generate seeds, which germinate and
The study of living things is referred to as biology. Organisms refer to all living things, which produce new plants of the same species. i. Light energy absorption by chlorophyll.
4. Growth
includes both plants and animals. However, seven life processes influence how we determine
• Animals either lay eggs or have children. There are two types of reproduction: sexual ii. Light energy is converted to chemical energy, and water molecules are divided into
if something is alive or not. If anything is alive, it will go through the 7 life processes listed
• Growing is a process that occurs in all living creatures. Plants keep growing for the rest and asexual. hydrogen and oxygen.
below.
of their lives.
• Sexual reproduction includes two parents and the union of two gametes, whereas iii. Carbon dioxide is converted to carbohydrates.
1. Movement
• When animals reach adulthood, they stop growing. asexual reproduction involves one parent reproducing itself.
• Animals and plants both have the ability to move around. Plants are rooted and grow at The roots of these green plants collect water from the soil. Sunlight enters the plant through
• Even when development ceases, an animal's body continues to be replenished with its stomata and is absorbed by chlorophyll and other green elements of the plant.
a leisurely pace.
materials obtained from its food.
7. Nutrition The roots of these green plants collect water from the soil. Sunlight enters the plant through
• Their roots go deeper into the soil, while their stems reach for the sun. Animals, on the
other hand, can shift their entire bodies swiftly. its stomata and is absorbed by chlorophyll and other green elements of the plant.
Food is required for energy and growth in both plants and animals. Photosynthesis allows
5. Excretion plants to produce their own food. Simple molecules like carbon dioxide and water are
• They have the ability to migrate in pursuit of food, shelter, or safety.
converted into more complex carbohydrate molecules using sunlight. Animals are unable to
• All living things produce waste products, which can be either useless or hazardous to produce their own food and must rely on the nourishment of other plants and animals. Animals B. Heterotrophic Nutrition: Heterotrophs are entirely reliant on autotrophs for their
them and hence must be disposed of. consume complicated substances and deconstruct them into small, soluble molecules that can food.
2. Respiration be utilised for energy and growth.
• The process of excretion is the removal of metabolic waste. Heterotrophic nutrition is divided into three categories:
• The process of getting energy from the food we eat is known as respiration. • Nutrition: The process of nutrition provides the energy required to carry out various
• Plants retain waste substances in their leaves, and as the leaves fall off, the garbage is living activities. Organisms are classed as autotrophs or heterotrophs based on their 1. Holozoic Nutrition: Complex foods are ingested through a specialised digestive
eliminated. mode of nourishment. system and broken down into little pieces so that they can be absorbed. For example,
• All living things need to breathe in order to develop, replace worn-out parts and move.
Respiration occurs in the cell's mitochondria. Amoeba and Humans.
• Other waste substances exit the body in urine and sweat, and animals breathe out waste
carbon dioxide. 2. Saprophytic Nutrition: It refers to the feeding of organisms on the dead organic
A. Autotrophic Nutrition: remnants of other creatures. Fungi, for example, enjoy bread moulds, yeast, and
Note: Egestion, not excretion, is the process of getting rid of faeces or undigested food.
3. Sensitivity mushrooms.
When organisms obtain their organic components from inorganic sources, they are said to be
• All living things are sensitive, which means they are aware of changes in their autotrophic. Carbon dioxide and nitrates are the primary sources of carbon and nitrogen, 3. Parasitic Nutrition: Parasites feed on other living beings (the host), with no benefit to
surroundings. respectively. All green plants are autotrophic, meaning they use light as a source of energy to the host. Cuscuta, ticks, lice, leeches, and tapeworms are examples.
produce food via photosynthesis.
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How Do Organisms Obtain their Nutrition? • Food is chewed into minute particles in the mouth and combined with saliva, which • The digested food passes through the cytoplasm by the process of cyclosis and reaches
contains amylase for starch digestion. the food vacuoles, which is then absorbed by the cytoplasm.
• Food goes through the pharynx and oesophagus on its way to the stomach when • The undigested food is later, taken out through the tiny pore known as cytopyge or anal
swallowed. Pepsin (a protein-digesting enzyme), pore.
• HCl and mucus are found in gastric juice.
• The hydrochloric acid generates an acidic environment for the enzyme pepsin to work Respiration:
in. Under normal circumstances, mucus protects the stomach's inner lining from the
acid's activity. The digested food items are broken down during breathing to release energy in the form of
ATP.
• The meal now enters the small intestine from the stomach. The small intestine is where
carbs, proteins, and lipids are completely digested. Respiration can be one of two forms, depending on the amount of oxygen required:
• Bile is secreted by the liver, which emulsifies fat. i. Aerobic respiration: This occurs when there is air present (oxygen). Aquatic species use oxygen dissolved in water for respiration, whereas terrestrial organisms
use air oxygen.
• Pancreatic juice, which contains the enzymes amylase, trypsin, and lipase for digesting ii. Anaerobic respiration: This occurs when there is no (air) oxygen present.
starch, proteins, and fats, is secreted by the pancreas. In humans, inhalation of air occurs through the following pathway: Nostrils
• The breakdown of glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into pyruvate, a three-carbon
• Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are entirely digested in the small intestine, resulting molecule, is the first step in all cases. The cytoplasm was involved in this process. →Nasal passage→ Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea→ Bronchus → Bronchiole→ Alveolus
in glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerol. Pyruvate can also be converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide. During fermentation,
yeast undergoes this process. Anaerobic respiration is the name given to a process that
• The small intestine villi absorb the digested food and deliver it to all of the body's cells. occurs without the presence of oxygen (air). In the mitochondria, pyruvate is broken
down utilising oxygen.
• The undigested food is transferred to the large intestine, where it is absorbed by
additional villi. The anus is used to eliminate the rest of the material from the body. • When compared to anaerobic respiration, aerobic respiration releases a lot of energy.
Food can be taken in by the entire surface of single-celled organisms. For example, an amoeba
takes in food by building a food-vacuole out of transient finger-like extensions of the cell • When there is a shortage of oxygen in our muscle cells, pyruvate is transformed into
surface that fuse over the food particle. Complex compounds are broken down inside the food lactic acid. Cramping occurs when lactic acid builds up in our muscles as a result of an
vacuole into simpler ones, which eventually diffuse into the cytoplasm. The remaining Nutrition in Paramoecium abrupt activity.
undigested material is pushed to the cell's surface and discarded.
• Paramoecium attains nutrition through the process of holozoic nutrition, where the
• Human Nutrition: Food digestion takes place in the alimentary canal, which is made organism ingests liquid or solid food particles inside its body.
up of several organs and glands.
• The cilia present on the Paramoecium help them to engulf the food particles through
• The remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out. the oral groove.
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• Air enters the body via the nostrils in humans. Fine hairs line the channel, filtering the The Heart: • The human heart is divided into four chambers: two atria (right and left) and two • The xylem tissue of roots stems, and leaves (tracheids and vessels) are interwoven to
air that passes through the nose. Mucus lines the channel, assisting in the process. The ventricles (right and left) (right and left). These chambers prevent oxygen-rich blood form a continuous system of water transmitting channels that reaches all parts of the
air then enters the lungs via the throat. The neck is lined with cartilage rings. They keep from mixing with carbon dioxide-rich blood. Deoxygenated blood is delivered to the plant. Water is driven into the xylem cells of the roots as a result of suction pressure
the airway from collapsing. right half of the heart, while oxygenated blood is delivered to the left. created by transpiration. Then, through the interconnecting water-carrying channels,
water moves steadily from the root xylem to all sections of the plant.
• The channel within the lungs divides into smaller and smaller tubes that eventually • The carbon dioxide-rich blood must reach the lungs in order for the carbon dioxide to
finish in balloon-line formations known as alveoli. be eliminated, and the oxygenated blood must return to the heart. The oxygen-rich • Transpiration is the loss of water from the plant's aerial portions in the form of vapour.
blood is subsequently circulated throughout the body. As a result, it aids in the absorption and upward transfer of dissolved minerals in water
• The alveoli of the lungs are densely packed with blood and serve as locations for gas from the roots to the leaves. It also controls the temperature.
exchange • The walls of the ventricles are significantly thicker than the walls of the atrium.
• Translocation happens in phloem and is the movement of soluble photosynthetic
• ( O2 and CO2 O and CO) between the blood and the atmosphere. • Humans have twofold circulation, which means blood passes through the heart twice products. Amino acids and other chemicals are transported via it. Food and other
and oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are separated completely. substances are transported in the sieve tubes in both upward and downward directions
• The blood transports carbon dioxide from the rest of the body to the alveoli, while blood with the help of nearby partner cells.
in the alveolar blood vessels absorbs oxygen from the alveolar air and transports it to • Arteries transport blood from the heart to various regions of the body, while veins return
all of the body's cells. During the breathing cycle, when air is inhaled and exhaled, the it to the heart. Thin capillaries connect arteries to veins, allowing materials to be • Energy is used to facilitate translocation in the phloem. Sucrose is transported into
lungs always have a residual volume of air so that oxygen may be absorbed and carbon exchanged between the blood and cells. phloem tissue with the help of ATP energy. This causes the tissue's osmotic pressure to
dioxide can be exhaled in adequate time. rise, allowing water to enter. This is the pressure. This allows the phloem to transfer
• Platelet cells are found in blood and circulate throughout the body, preventing blood material in accordance with the needs of the plant. For example, in the spring, sugar
• The respiratory pigment haemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the body's loss at the site of damage. stored in root or stem tissue would be transported to the buds which need energy to
various tissues in humans. The red blood cells contain this pigment. grow.
• Lymph has a role in transportation as well. It's similar to blood plasma, but it's
colourless and has less protein. From the intercellular gaps, it empties into lymphatic
capillaries, which connect to major lymph arteries, which then open into bigger veins.
Transportation: It transports fat from the intestine that has been digested and absorbed, as well as excess Excretion:
fluid from extracellular space back into the circulation.
• Transportation in Human Beings: The toxic metabolic nitrogenous wastes produced are excreted from the body during excretion.
The heart, blood, and blood arteries make up the circulatory system, which transports various Excretion in Human Beings:
materials throughout the body. Transportation in plants:
• The excretory system in humans consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urine bladder,
• Plant transport systems will carry raw materials from roots and energy stores from and the urethra. The abdomen has two kidneys, one on each side of the backbone. The
leaves. These two paths are made up of conducting tubes that are set up separately. The ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, where it is held until it
xylem, for example, transports water and minerals from the soil. The phloem, on the is discharged through the urethra.
other hand, carries photosynthetic products from the leaves to other sections of the
plant.
www.vedantu.com 9 www.vedantu.com 10 www.vedantu.com 11 www.vedantu.com 12
Excretion in plants:
• Plants do not have an excretory system and excrete through a variety of mechanisms,
including transpiration, waste release into the surrounding soil, leaf loss, and waste
storage in cell vacuoles. Other waste materials are retained in ancient xylem as resins
and gums.
• Nephrons are basic filtration units found in great numbers in each kidney. As the urine
passes along the tube, several substances in the initial filtrate, such as glucose, amino
acids, salts, and a significant amount of water, are selectively reabsorbed. The amount
of water reabsorbed is determined by the amount of excess water in the body as well as
the amount of dissolved waste to be expelled. The urine produced by each kidney
eventually enters the ureter, a lengthy tube that connects the kidneys to the urinary
bladder until the inflated bladder causes the urge to send it out through the urethra.
Because the bladder is muscular, it is controlled by the neurological system. As a result,
we are able to manage our urge to urinate.
www.vedantu.com 13 www.vedantu.com 14
