Module 1 ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (354-430 B.C.)
In the course of history, philosophers have given an impressive I am doubting, therefore I am
variety of answers to the question, “What is self?” Some of them The self seeks to be united with God through faith and
have even argued that there is no such thing at all. This volume reason
explores the various ways in which selfhood was approached and Described that human kind is created in the image and
conceptualised in antiquity. How did the ancients understand likeness of god
what it is that I am, fundamentally, as an acting and affected Believed that god is transcendent and everything
subject, interpreting the world around me, being distinct from created by God who is all good is good
others like and unlike me? The authors highlight the attempts in
ancient philosophical sources to grasp the evasive character of - Spirit of man in medieval philosophy
the specifically human presence in the world. They also describe - Following view of plato but adds Christianity
how the ancient philosophers understood human agents as - Man is of a bifurcated nature
capable of causing changes and being affected in and by the - Part of man dwells in the world (imperfect) and yearns to
world. be with the divine
- Other part is capable of reaching immortality
The philosophy of self is the study of the many conditions of - Body- dies on earth: soul- lives eternally in spiritual bliss
identity that make one subject of experience distinct from other with “god (LIFEGOALZ)
experiencesiences. The self is sometimes understood as a
unified being essentially connected to consciousness, awareness, RENE DESCARTES
and agency.
I think, therefore I am
PHILOSOPHY The self is a thinking distinct from the body
Is a particular set of ideas about knowledge, truth, the nature and Thinking self (soul, non-material), & physical body
meaning of life (material, non-thinking entity)
SOCRATES (470-399 B.C.) JOHN LOCKE
An unexamined life is not worth living
THE SOUL IS IMMORTAL The self is consciousness
Physical realm (body) and ideal realm (soul) The human mind at birth is a blank state of tabula
Dualism
DAVID HUME
- Concerned with the problem of the self
- The true task of the philosopher is to know oneself There is no self, only a bundle of constantly changing
- Underwent a trial for corrupting the minds of the youth perceptions passing through the theater of our minds
- Succeeded made people think about who they are The idea of personal identity is a result of imagination
The Greeks were the ones who seriously questioned IMMANUEL KANT
myths and moved and from them to understand reality
We construct the self
and respond to perennial questions of curiosity,
The self transcends experience
including the question of the self.
The self makes experiencing an intelligible word possible
ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.) SIGMUND FREUD
The soul is the essence of self Father of psychology
Self-realization is attained by fulfilling man’s threefold The self consists of three layers: conscious (reality
nature: vegetative, sentient, and rational priciples) unconscious (basic instinctual), and
preconcious (located between the first two)
PLATO (428/427 or 424/ 423-348/ 347 B.C.)
GILBERT RYLE
The soul is immortal
Reason (divine essence), spirit of passion (basic motions) The self is the way people behave
and physical appetite (basic biological needs) I act, therefore I am
If human beings do not live in accordance to their The self is the same as bodily behavior
nature/ functions, the result will be injustice
PAUL CHURCHLAND
- 3 components to the soul: rational soul- reason &
intellect to govern affairs, spirited soul- emotions should The self is the brain
be kept at bay, appetitive soul- base desires (foods, The self is inseparable from brain and physiology of the
drink, sleep, sexual needs, etc.) body
- When these are attained, the human person’s soul The physical brain gives us our sense of self
becomes just & virtuous
, MAURICE MERLEAU PONTY His four stages of cognitive development:
1. Sensorimotor: Infants learn through physical actions,
The self is embodied subjectivity developing object permanence.
The consciousness, the world, and the human body are 2. Pre-operational: Children use symbols (e.g., words,
intricately intertwined in knowing the world images) and develop mental reasoning.
3. Concrete operational: Children use logic and abstract
thinking with concrete objects.
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS 4. Formal operational: Adolescents and adults use abstract
Man = matter + form reasoning and hypothetical thinking.
Matter (hyle) – common stuff that makes up everything
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
in the universe
Form (morphe)- essence of a substance or thing (what Describes how people learn what society considers “good” and
makes it what it is) “bad” through stages of moral reasoning.
The body of the human is similar to animals/ objects,
but makes a human is his essence Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development and Gender
The soul is what makes us human
Gilligan identified gender differences in moral reasoning. Boys
MODULE # 2 tend to focus on rules (justice perspective), while girls emphasize
Socialization is the lifelong process of inheriting and relationships and care (care perspective). Both perspectives serve
disseminating norms, customs, and ideologies, equipping different societal functions.
individuals with the skills and habits needed to participate in
society. It ensures social and cultural continuity. Sociological Theories of Self:
Charles Horton Cooley (1902), Sociologists like Cooley, Mead, and Piaget extended psychological
Looking Glass Self: A person’s self grows through societal theories by emphasizing the role of society and social interaction
interactions and others' perceptions, shaping the self based on in self-development.
others' views.
Piaget’s Processes:
George Herbert Mead
developed social behaviorism to explain how social experiences Assimilation: Integrating new information into existing
shape personality. Mead’s central concept is the self, which cognitive structures.
develops through social interactions, rather than being innate. Accommodation: Altering cognitive structures to
incorporate new information.
Sigmund Freud:
The id is unconscious, impulsive, and operates on the
pleasure principle, driving basic instincts.
The ego acts on the reality principle, balancing the id's
desires with practical actions.
The super-ego seeks perfection, guiding moral
standards.
Oedipus complex
A child’s unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent.
Unconscious
Mental processes of which individuals are unaware.
Psychology vs. Sociology:
Psychology focuses on individual uniqueness.
Sociology examines the influence between individuals
and groups.
Emile Durkheim
Highlighted the distinction between psychology and sociology.
Sociologists explore how cultural norms and group behaviors
shape interactions, while psychologists focus on personal mental
development.
Erik Erikson (1902–1994)
Developed a theory of personality development.
Jean Piaget (1896–1980)
Focused on child development and the role of social interactions
in development.
In the course of history, philosophers have given an impressive I am doubting, therefore I am
variety of answers to the question, “What is self?” Some of them The self seeks to be united with God through faith and
have even argued that there is no such thing at all. This volume reason
explores the various ways in which selfhood was approached and Described that human kind is created in the image and
conceptualised in antiquity. How did the ancients understand likeness of god
what it is that I am, fundamentally, as an acting and affected Believed that god is transcendent and everything
subject, interpreting the world around me, being distinct from created by God who is all good is good
others like and unlike me? The authors highlight the attempts in
ancient philosophical sources to grasp the evasive character of - Spirit of man in medieval philosophy
the specifically human presence in the world. They also describe - Following view of plato but adds Christianity
how the ancient philosophers understood human agents as - Man is of a bifurcated nature
capable of causing changes and being affected in and by the - Part of man dwells in the world (imperfect) and yearns to
world. be with the divine
- Other part is capable of reaching immortality
The philosophy of self is the study of the many conditions of - Body- dies on earth: soul- lives eternally in spiritual bliss
identity that make one subject of experience distinct from other with “god (LIFEGOALZ)
experiencesiences. The self is sometimes understood as a
unified being essentially connected to consciousness, awareness, RENE DESCARTES
and agency.
I think, therefore I am
PHILOSOPHY The self is a thinking distinct from the body
Is a particular set of ideas about knowledge, truth, the nature and Thinking self (soul, non-material), & physical body
meaning of life (material, non-thinking entity)
SOCRATES (470-399 B.C.) JOHN LOCKE
An unexamined life is not worth living
THE SOUL IS IMMORTAL The self is consciousness
Physical realm (body) and ideal realm (soul) The human mind at birth is a blank state of tabula
Dualism
DAVID HUME
- Concerned with the problem of the self
- The true task of the philosopher is to know oneself There is no self, only a bundle of constantly changing
- Underwent a trial for corrupting the minds of the youth perceptions passing through the theater of our minds
- Succeeded made people think about who they are The idea of personal identity is a result of imagination
The Greeks were the ones who seriously questioned IMMANUEL KANT
myths and moved and from them to understand reality
We construct the self
and respond to perennial questions of curiosity,
The self transcends experience
including the question of the self.
The self makes experiencing an intelligible word possible
ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.) SIGMUND FREUD
The soul is the essence of self Father of psychology
Self-realization is attained by fulfilling man’s threefold The self consists of three layers: conscious (reality
nature: vegetative, sentient, and rational priciples) unconscious (basic instinctual), and
preconcious (located between the first two)
PLATO (428/427 or 424/ 423-348/ 347 B.C.)
GILBERT RYLE
The soul is immortal
Reason (divine essence), spirit of passion (basic motions) The self is the way people behave
and physical appetite (basic biological needs) I act, therefore I am
If human beings do not live in accordance to their The self is the same as bodily behavior
nature/ functions, the result will be injustice
PAUL CHURCHLAND
- 3 components to the soul: rational soul- reason &
intellect to govern affairs, spirited soul- emotions should The self is the brain
be kept at bay, appetitive soul- base desires (foods, The self is inseparable from brain and physiology of the
drink, sleep, sexual needs, etc.) body
- When these are attained, the human person’s soul The physical brain gives us our sense of self
becomes just & virtuous
, MAURICE MERLEAU PONTY His four stages of cognitive development:
1. Sensorimotor: Infants learn through physical actions,
The self is embodied subjectivity developing object permanence.
The consciousness, the world, and the human body are 2. Pre-operational: Children use symbols (e.g., words,
intricately intertwined in knowing the world images) and develop mental reasoning.
3. Concrete operational: Children use logic and abstract
thinking with concrete objects.
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS 4. Formal operational: Adolescents and adults use abstract
Man = matter + form reasoning and hypothetical thinking.
Matter (hyle) – common stuff that makes up everything
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
in the universe
Form (morphe)- essence of a substance or thing (what Describes how people learn what society considers “good” and
makes it what it is) “bad” through stages of moral reasoning.
The body of the human is similar to animals/ objects,
but makes a human is his essence Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development and Gender
The soul is what makes us human
Gilligan identified gender differences in moral reasoning. Boys
MODULE # 2 tend to focus on rules (justice perspective), while girls emphasize
Socialization is the lifelong process of inheriting and relationships and care (care perspective). Both perspectives serve
disseminating norms, customs, and ideologies, equipping different societal functions.
individuals with the skills and habits needed to participate in
society. It ensures social and cultural continuity. Sociological Theories of Self:
Charles Horton Cooley (1902), Sociologists like Cooley, Mead, and Piaget extended psychological
Looking Glass Self: A person’s self grows through societal theories by emphasizing the role of society and social interaction
interactions and others' perceptions, shaping the self based on in self-development.
others' views.
Piaget’s Processes:
George Herbert Mead
developed social behaviorism to explain how social experiences Assimilation: Integrating new information into existing
shape personality. Mead’s central concept is the self, which cognitive structures.
develops through social interactions, rather than being innate. Accommodation: Altering cognitive structures to
incorporate new information.
Sigmund Freud:
The id is unconscious, impulsive, and operates on the
pleasure principle, driving basic instincts.
The ego acts on the reality principle, balancing the id's
desires with practical actions.
The super-ego seeks perfection, guiding moral
standards.
Oedipus complex
A child’s unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent.
Unconscious
Mental processes of which individuals are unaware.
Psychology vs. Sociology:
Psychology focuses on individual uniqueness.
Sociology examines the influence between individuals
and groups.
Emile Durkheim
Highlighted the distinction between psychology and sociology.
Sociologists explore how cultural norms and group behaviors
shape interactions, while psychologists focus on personal mental
development.
Erik Erikson (1902–1994)
Developed a theory of personality development.
Jean Piaget (1896–1980)
Focused on child development and the role of social interactions
in development.
