BIO 230 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS
example of primary endosymbiosis - ANSWER-reg/green algae
-occurred once
examples of secondary endosymbiosis - ANSWER-cryptomonad, euglenoids,
haptophyta, dinoflagellates
-occurred several times
examples of tertiary endosymbiosis - ANSWER-dinoflagellates
-has occurred several times
why is the term "hierarchal" used to describe taxonomic categories? - ANSWER-the
taxonomic classification system uses a hierarchal model to organize living organisms
into increasingly specific categories. The categories between species and kingdom
are Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
name the three kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotes, and give the major identifying
characteristics of each - ANSWER-Plantae:
1.multicellular
2.autotrophs
3.plant cells have cell walls made of cellulose
4.plant cells have chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis
5.they alternate generations
Fungi:
1.most are multicellular, but yeast are an unicellular exception
2.most are heterotrophs and many are saprophytes
3.their cells have cell walls made of chitin
4.they can reproduce sexually or asexually through spores
Animalia:
1.multicellular
2.heterotrophs
3.do not have cell walls
4.embryonic development involves a blastula
pleisomorphy vs apomorphy vs synapomorphy - ANSWER--a shared trait derived
from two different ancestors
-a derived trait
-apomorphy shared by two or more taxa
homology vs homoplasy - ANSWER-homology is similarity that reflects common
descent and ancestry
homoplasy is similarity arrived at via independent evolution
, relationship between haploid and diploid chromosome numbers and meiosis and
fertilization - ANSWER-haploid chromosome numbers are 23n and diploid is 46n, in
meiosis it goes from diploid and splits into haploid and in fertilization the cycle goes
from haploid to diploid
analagous - ANSWER-common function (but different evolutionary origins, could be
due to convergent evolution)
convergent evolution (homoplasy) - ANSWER-the independent development of
similar structures in organisms that are not directly related, often found in organisms
living in similar environments
synapomorphy - ANSWER-a shared derived characteristic, character states that
arose in the common ancestor of a group and are present in all of its members
-derived feature shared by a few taxa in a clade
pleisomorphy - ANSWER-ancestral derived characteristics shared by two groups
who inherited it from different ancestors.
sister groups - ANSWER-two groups sharing a common ancestor, groups
terminating in adjacent branches
parsimony - ANSWER-principle of constructing a cladogram in the simplest way
possible, fewest common ancestors
monophyly - ANSWER-when it just has 1 node and ALL of its descendants
paraphyly - ANSWER-starts with the node and includes some but NOT all of its
descendants
polyphyly - ANSWER-when the group ini question DOES NOT contain the common
ancestor of the species in the group
polytomy - ANSWER-gives rise to 3 or more sister groups on a phylogenetic tree
shown because of insufficient data, has 2 or more lineages
taxonomy - ANSWER-identifying, naming, and classifying of species
genus - ANSWER-the taxonomic group between family and species. includes one or
more species
artificial systems - ANSWER-classification of organisms primarily as a way to aid in
identification by means of a few characters
cladogram - ANSWER-a line diagram that branches repeatedly and suggests
phylogenetic relationships among organisms
outgroups - ANSWER-used to root a tree, is a taxon that is closely related to but not
a member of the study group under investigation
VERIFIED ANSWERS
example of primary endosymbiosis - ANSWER-reg/green algae
-occurred once
examples of secondary endosymbiosis - ANSWER-cryptomonad, euglenoids,
haptophyta, dinoflagellates
-occurred several times
examples of tertiary endosymbiosis - ANSWER-dinoflagellates
-has occurred several times
why is the term "hierarchal" used to describe taxonomic categories? - ANSWER-the
taxonomic classification system uses a hierarchal model to organize living organisms
into increasingly specific categories. The categories between species and kingdom
are Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
name the three kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotes, and give the major identifying
characteristics of each - ANSWER-Plantae:
1.multicellular
2.autotrophs
3.plant cells have cell walls made of cellulose
4.plant cells have chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis
5.they alternate generations
Fungi:
1.most are multicellular, but yeast are an unicellular exception
2.most are heterotrophs and many are saprophytes
3.their cells have cell walls made of chitin
4.they can reproduce sexually or asexually through spores
Animalia:
1.multicellular
2.heterotrophs
3.do not have cell walls
4.embryonic development involves a blastula
pleisomorphy vs apomorphy vs synapomorphy - ANSWER--a shared trait derived
from two different ancestors
-a derived trait
-apomorphy shared by two or more taxa
homology vs homoplasy - ANSWER-homology is similarity that reflects common
descent and ancestry
homoplasy is similarity arrived at via independent evolution
, relationship between haploid and diploid chromosome numbers and meiosis and
fertilization - ANSWER-haploid chromosome numbers are 23n and diploid is 46n, in
meiosis it goes from diploid and splits into haploid and in fertilization the cycle goes
from haploid to diploid
analagous - ANSWER-common function (but different evolutionary origins, could be
due to convergent evolution)
convergent evolution (homoplasy) - ANSWER-the independent development of
similar structures in organisms that are not directly related, often found in organisms
living in similar environments
synapomorphy - ANSWER-a shared derived characteristic, character states that
arose in the common ancestor of a group and are present in all of its members
-derived feature shared by a few taxa in a clade
pleisomorphy - ANSWER-ancestral derived characteristics shared by two groups
who inherited it from different ancestors.
sister groups - ANSWER-two groups sharing a common ancestor, groups
terminating in adjacent branches
parsimony - ANSWER-principle of constructing a cladogram in the simplest way
possible, fewest common ancestors
monophyly - ANSWER-when it just has 1 node and ALL of its descendants
paraphyly - ANSWER-starts with the node and includes some but NOT all of its
descendants
polyphyly - ANSWER-when the group ini question DOES NOT contain the common
ancestor of the species in the group
polytomy - ANSWER-gives rise to 3 or more sister groups on a phylogenetic tree
shown because of insufficient data, has 2 or more lineages
taxonomy - ANSWER-identifying, naming, and classifying of species
genus - ANSWER-the taxonomic group between family and species. includes one or
more species
artificial systems - ANSWER-classification of organisms primarily as a way to aid in
identification by means of a few characters
cladogram - ANSWER-a line diagram that branches repeatedly and suggests
phylogenetic relationships among organisms
outgroups - ANSWER-used to root a tree, is a taxon that is closely related to but not
a member of the study group under investigation
