McGraw-Hill Ryerson
Author Team Consultants
Frank Mustoe Greg Wisnicki
University of Toronto Schools Anderson Collegiate and Vocational Institute
Toronto, Ontario Whitby, Ontario
Michael P. Jansen Dr. Penny McLeod
Crescent School Former Head of Science
Toronto, Ontario Thornhill Secondary School
Thornhill, Ontario
Ted Doram
Bowness High School Dr. Audrey Chastko
Calgary, Alberta Science Curriculum Leader
Springbank Community High School
John Ivanco Calgary, Alberta
Former Head of Science
Anderson Collegiate and Vocational Institute Probeware Specialist
Whitby, Ontario Kelly Choy
Christina Clancy Minnedosa, Manitoba
Loyola Catholic Secondary School
Mississauga, Ontario Technology Consultants
Alex Annab
Anita Ghazariansteja
Head of Science
Birchmount Collegiate Iona Catholic Secondary School
Scarborough, Ontario Mississauga, Ontario
Contributing Authors Wilf Kazmaier
Christa Bedry Multimedia Specialist
Professional Writer Calgary, Alberta
Kananaskis, Alberta
Christy Hayhoe
Professional Writer
Toronto, Ontario
McGraw-Hill
Ryerson
Toronto Montréal New York Burr Ridge Bangkok Beijing Bogotá Caracas Dubuque
Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madison Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi
San Francisco Santiago St. Louis Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei
, McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
COPIES OF THIS BOOK MAY BE McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 11
OBTAINED BY CONTACTING:
Copyright2001, McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Companies. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
WEB SITE: transmitted in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system,
http://www.mcgrawhill.ca without the prior written permission of McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, or, in the case
of photocopying or other reprographic copying, a licence from CANCOPY (Canadian
E-MAIL: Copyright Licensing Agency), One Yonge Street, Suite 1900, Toronto, Ontario, M5E 1E5.
Any request for photocopying, recording, or taping of this publication shall be directed
TOLL FREE FAX: in writing to CANCOPY.
1-800-463-5885 The information and activities in this textbook have been carefully developed and
reviewed by professionals to ensure safety and accuracy. However, the publishers shall
TOLL FREE CALL: not be liable for any damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the reader’s use of the
1-800-565-5758 material. Although appropriate safety procedures are discussed in detail and highlight-
OR BY MAILING YOUR
ed throughout the textbook, safety of students remains the responsibility of the class-
ORDER TO:
room teacher, the principal, and the school board/district.
McGraw-Hill Ryerson 0-07-088681-4
Order Department http://www.mcgrawhill.ca
300 Water Street 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 TRI 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Whitby ON, L1N 9B6
Printed and bound in Canada
Please quote the ISBN Care has been take to trace ownership of copyright material contained in this text. The
and title when placing publisher will gladly take any information that will enable it to rectify any reference or
your order. credit in subsequent printings. Please note that products shown in photographs in this
STUDENT TEXT ISBN textbook do not reflect an endorsement by the publisher of those specific brand names.
0-07-088681-4
E-BOOK CD-ROM ISBN National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data
0-07-089356-X Main entry under title:
McGraw-Hill Ryerson chemistry 11
Includes index.
ISBN 0-07-088681-4
1. Chemisty. I. Clancy, Christina. II. Title: Chemistry 11. III. Title: McGraw-Hill Ryerson
chemistry eleven.
QD33. M33 2001 540 C2001-930333-5
The Chemistry 11 Development Team
SCIENCE PUBLISHERS: Jane McNulty, Trudy Rising
PROJECT MANAGER: Jane McNulty
SENIOR DEVELOPMENTAL EDITOR: Jonathan Bocknek
DEVELOPMENTAL EDITORS: Christa Bedry, Sara Goodchild, Christy Hayhoe,
Keith Owen Richards
SENIOR SUPERVISING EDITOR: Linda Allison
PROJECT CO-ORDINATORS: Valerie Janicki, Shannon Leahy
COPY EDITORS: Paula Pettitt-Townsend, May Look
PROOFREADER: Carol Ann Freeman
PERMISSIONS EDITOR: Pronk&Associates Inc.
SPECIAL FEATURES CO-ORDINATOR: Jill Bryant
PRODUCTION CO-ORDINATOR: Jennifer Vassiliou
COVER DESIGN, INTERIOR DESIGN, AND ART DIRECTION: Pronk&Associates Inc.
ELECTRONIC PAGE MAKE-UP: Pronk&Associates Inc.
TECHNICAL ILLUSTRATIONS: Pronk&Associates Inc., Jun Park, Theresa Sakno, Bill Sakno
ILLUSTRATORS: Steve Attoe, Scott Cameron
SET-UP PHOTOGRAPHY: Ian Crysler
SET-UP PHOTOGRAPHY CO-ORDINATOR: Shannon O’Rourke
COVER IMAGE: James Bell/Science Photo Library
,Acknowledgements
We extend sincere thanks to the following people: Lois Edwards, for the gift of her insights early in the project; Dr. Michael J. Webb,
who generously and tirelessly shared his chemistry expertise with the development team; Otto Pike, for his assistance in revising
Unit 3; Catherine Little, who authored the Unit 1 Project; Doug Hayhoe, who provided guidance regarding assessment and the
Achievement Chart; and Andrew Cherkas, who wrote material for Appendix E. We are deeply grateful to Frank Mustoe, Malisa
Mezenberg, Greg Dick, and Greg Wisnicki for their help with the set-up photography sessions, and we thank the students of
University of Toronto Schools and Loyalist Catholic Secondary School who participated in these sessions. We also wish to thank
the following professional writers who authored the Special Features in Chemistry 11: Linda Cornies, Meaghan Craven, Paul Halpern,
Marian Hughes, Carol Johnstone, Jill Lazenby, Natasha Marko, Andrea Rutty, Christopher Rutty, Elma Schemenauer, Erik Spigel,
and Jean-Louis Trudel. We benefited greatly from the many thoughtful suggestions provided by our excellent team of reviewers from
across the country, as well as from the recommendations supplied by our safety reviewer. The authors, publishers, consultants, and
editors convey their profound thanks to these talented and dedicated educators.
Pedagogical and Dana Griffiths Otto Pike
Science Department Head Formerly of College of the North
Academic Reviewers Bishops College Atlantic
Bruce Beamer St. John’s, Newfoundland St. John’s, Newfoundland
Formerly of John G. Diefenbaker
High School Stephen Houlden John Purificati
Calgary, Alberta Formerly of Birchmount Park St. Patrick’s High School
Collegiate Institute Ottawa, Ontario
David Bocknek Toronto, Ontario
King Secondary School Chris Schramek
King City, Ontario Sarah Houlden John Paul II Catholic Secondary
Twin Lakes Secondary School School
Andrew Cherkas Orillia, Ontario London, Ontario
Stouffville District High School
Stouffville, Ontario Terry Kilroy Mario Simon
Widdifield Secondary School Holy Heart of Mary Regional School
David Clayton North Bay, Ontario St. John’s, Newfoundland
NorQuest College
Edmonton, Alberta Lucy Kisway Donna Stack-Durward
Glendale Secondary School St. Mary’s High School
André Dumais Hamilton, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario
Hearst High School
Hearst, Ontario John Kozelko James Stewart
Sisler High School Formerly of Bayside Secondary
Spencer R. Fosbury Winnipeg, Manitoba School
Former Head of Science
Aurora High School Peter MacDonald Hastings County, Ontario
Aurora, Ontario Science Co-ordinator
Dr. Michael J. Webb
Charles P. Allen High School
Christopher Freure Bedford, Nova Scotia Michael J. Webb Consulting Inc.
South Lincoln High School Toronto, Ontario
Smithville, Ontario Cheryl Madeira
Marshall McLuhan Catholic
Theresa George Secondary School Safety Reviewer
St. Paul Secondary School Toronto, Ontario Dr. Margaret-Ann Armour
Mississauga, Ontario
Dermot O’Hara Assistant Chair, Department of
Keith Gibbons Head of Science Chemistry
Science Department Head Mother Theresa Secondary School University of Alberta
Catholic Central High School Scarborough, Ontario Edmonton, Alberta
London, Ontario
Henry Pasma
Gail Gislason Cawthra Park Secondary School
Cresent Heights High School Mississauga, Ontario
Calgary, Alberta
Our cover: A polarized light micrograph of a liquid crystal, a kind of substance you are familiar with from digital displays on prod-
ucts such as pocket calculators and laptop computers. Although liquid crystal flows like a fluid, its molecular arrangement exhibits
some order, as in a solid. You will learn more about the movement of solid, liquid, and gas molecules in Unit 3.
• MHR iii
, Contents
Safety in Your Chemistry Laboratory
and Classroom x
Introducing Chemistry 11 xiv
UNIT 1 Matter and Chemical Bonding 2
C h a p t e r 1 Observing Matter 5
1.1 The Study of Chemistry 6
Canadians in Chemistry: Dr. John Charles Polanyi 9
1.2 Describing and Measuring Matter 11
Investigation 1-A: Observing Aluminum Foil 13
ExpressLab: Significant Digits 19
Chemistry Bulletin: Air Canada Flight 143 23
1.3 Classifying Matter and Its Changes 25
ThoughtLab: Mixtures, Pure Substances, and Changes 27
Chapter 1 Review 29
C h a p t e r 2 Elements and the Periodic Table 33
2.1 Atoms and Their Composition 34
2.2 Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table 40
ExpressLab: Observing the Spectra of Elements 43
2.3 Periodic Trends Involving the Sizes and Energy Levels
of Atoms 49
Investigation 2-A: Analyzing Atomic Radius Data 50
Chemistry Bulletin: Manitoba Mine Specializes in
Rare Metals 56
Tools & Techniques: Analyzing the Ice Man’s Axe 58
ThoughtLab: Design an Annotated Periodic Table 59
Chapter 2 Review 61
C h a p t e r 3 Chemical Compounds and Bonding 65
3.1 Classifying Chemical Compounds 66
ExpressLab: A Metal and a Compound 67
ThoughtLab: Ionic or Covalent? 68
3.2 Ionic and Covalent Bonding: The Octet Rule 75
Careers In Chemistry: Metallurgist 77
Investigation 3-A: Crystalline Columns 80
3.3 Polar Covalent Bonds and Polar Molecules 85
Canadians in Chemistry: Dr. Geoffrey Ozin 89
Investigation 3-B: Modelling Molecules 92
iv MHR • Contents
Author Team Consultants
Frank Mustoe Greg Wisnicki
University of Toronto Schools Anderson Collegiate and Vocational Institute
Toronto, Ontario Whitby, Ontario
Michael P. Jansen Dr. Penny McLeod
Crescent School Former Head of Science
Toronto, Ontario Thornhill Secondary School
Thornhill, Ontario
Ted Doram
Bowness High School Dr. Audrey Chastko
Calgary, Alberta Science Curriculum Leader
Springbank Community High School
John Ivanco Calgary, Alberta
Former Head of Science
Anderson Collegiate and Vocational Institute Probeware Specialist
Whitby, Ontario Kelly Choy
Christina Clancy Minnedosa, Manitoba
Loyola Catholic Secondary School
Mississauga, Ontario Technology Consultants
Alex Annab
Anita Ghazariansteja
Head of Science
Birchmount Collegiate Iona Catholic Secondary School
Scarborough, Ontario Mississauga, Ontario
Contributing Authors Wilf Kazmaier
Christa Bedry Multimedia Specialist
Professional Writer Calgary, Alberta
Kananaskis, Alberta
Christy Hayhoe
Professional Writer
Toronto, Ontario
McGraw-Hill
Ryerson
Toronto Montréal New York Burr Ridge Bangkok Beijing Bogotá Caracas Dubuque
Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madison Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi
San Francisco Santiago St. Louis Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei
, McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
COPIES OF THIS BOOK MAY BE McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 11
OBTAINED BY CONTACTING:
Copyright2001, McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Companies. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
WEB SITE: transmitted in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system,
http://www.mcgrawhill.ca without the prior written permission of McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, or, in the case
of photocopying or other reprographic copying, a licence from CANCOPY (Canadian
E-MAIL: Copyright Licensing Agency), One Yonge Street, Suite 1900, Toronto, Ontario, M5E 1E5.
Any request for photocopying, recording, or taping of this publication shall be directed
TOLL FREE FAX: in writing to CANCOPY.
1-800-463-5885 The information and activities in this textbook have been carefully developed and
reviewed by professionals to ensure safety and accuracy. However, the publishers shall
TOLL FREE CALL: not be liable for any damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the reader’s use of the
1-800-565-5758 material. Although appropriate safety procedures are discussed in detail and highlight-
OR BY MAILING YOUR
ed throughout the textbook, safety of students remains the responsibility of the class-
ORDER TO:
room teacher, the principal, and the school board/district.
McGraw-Hill Ryerson 0-07-088681-4
Order Department http://www.mcgrawhill.ca
300 Water Street 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 TRI 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Whitby ON, L1N 9B6
Printed and bound in Canada
Please quote the ISBN Care has been take to trace ownership of copyright material contained in this text. The
and title when placing publisher will gladly take any information that will enable it to rectify any reference or
your order. credit in subsequent printings. Please note that products shown in photographs in this
STUDENT TEXT ISBN textbook do not reflect an endorsement by the publisher of those specific brand names.
0-07-088681-4
E-BOOK CD-ROM ISBN National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data
0-07-089356-X Main entry under title:
McGraw-Hill Ryerson chemistry 11
Includes index.
ISBN 0-07-088681-4
1. Chemisty. I. Clancy, Christina. II. Title: Chemistry 11. III. Title: McGraw-Hill Ryerson
chemistry eleven.
QD33. M33 2001 540 C2001-930333-5
The Chemistry 11 Development Team
SCIENCE PUBLISHERS: Jane McNulty, Trudy Rising
PROJECT MANAGER: Jane McNulty
SENIOR DEVELOPMENTAL EDITOR: Jonathan Bocknek
DEVELOPMENTAL EDITORS: Christa Bedry, Sara Goodchild, Christy Hayhoe,
Keith Owen Richards
SENIOR SUPERVISING EDITOR: Linda Allison
PROJECT CO-ORDINATORS: Valerie Janicki, Shannon Leahy
COPY EDITORS: Paula Pettitt-Townsend, May Look
PROOFREADER: Carol Ann Freeman
PERMISSIONS EDITOR: Pronk&Associates Inc.
SPECIAL FEATURES CO-ORDINATOR: Jill Bryant
PRODUCTION CO-ORDINATOR: Jennifer Vassiliou
COVER DESIGN, INTERIOR DESIGN, AND ART DIRECTION: Pronk&Associates Inc.
ELECTRONIC PAGE MAKE-UP: Pronk&Associates Inc.
TECHNICAL ILLUSTRATIONS: Pronk&Associates Inc., Jun Park, Theresa Sakno, Bill Sakno
ILLUSTRATORS: Steve Attoe, Scott Cameron
SET-UP PHOTOGRAPHY: Ian Crysler
SET-UP PHOTOGRAPHY CO-ORDINATOR: Shannon O’Rourke
COVER IMAGE: James Bell/Science Photo Library
,Acknowledgements
We extend sincere thanks to the following people: Lois Edwards, for the gift of her insights early in the project; Dr. Michael J. Webb,
who generously and tirelessly shared his chemistry expertise with the development team; Otto Pike, for his assistance in revising
Unit 3; Catherine Little, who authored the Unit 1 Project; Doug Hayhoe, who provided guidance regarding assessment and the
Achievement Chart; and Andrew Cherkas, who wrote material for Appendix E. We are deeply grateful to Frank Mustoe, Malisa
Mezenberg, Greg Dick, and Greg Wisnicki for their help with the set-up photography sessions, and we thank the students of
University of Toronto Schools and Loyalist Catholic Secondary School who participated in these sessions. We also wish to thank
the following professional writers who authored the Special Features in Chemistry 11: Linda Cornies, Meaghan Craven, Paul Halpern,
Marian Hughes, Carol Johnstone, Jill Lazenby, Natasha Marko, Andrea Rutty, Christopher Rutty, Elma Schemenauer, Erik Spigel,
and Jean-Louis Trudel. We benefited greatly from the many thoughtful suggestions provided by our excellent team of reviewers from
across the country, as well as from the recommendations supplied by our safety reviewer. The authors, publishers, consultants, and
editors convey their profound thanks to these talented and dedicated educators.
Pedagogical and Dana Griffiths Otto Pike
Science Department Head Formerly of College of the North
Academic Reviewers Bishops College Atlantic
Bruce Beamer St. John’s, Newfoundland St. John’s, Newfoundland
Formerly of John G. Diefenbaker
High School Stephen Houlden John Purificati
Calgary, Alberta Formerly of Birchmount Park St. Patrick’s High School
Collegiate Institute Ottawa, Ontario
David Bocknek Toronto, Ontario
King Secondary School Chris Schramek
King City, Ontario Sarah Houlden John Paul II Catholic Secondary
Twin Lakes Secondary School School
Andrew Cherkas Orillia, Ontario London, Ontario
Stouffville District High School
Stouffville, Ontario Terry Kilroy Mario Simon
Widdifield Secondary School Holy Heart of Mary Regional School
David Clayton North Bay, Ontario St. John’s, Newfoundland
NorQuest College
Edmonton, Alberta Lucy Kisway Donna Stack-Durward
Glendale Secondary School St. Mary’s High School
André Dumais Hamilton, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario
Hearst High School
Hearst, Ontario John Kozelko James Stewart
Sisler High School Formerly of Bayside Secondary
Spencer R. Fosbury Winnipeg, Manitoba School
Former Head of Science
Aurora High School Peter MacDonald Hastings County, Ontario
Aurora, Ontario Science Co-ordinator
Dr. Michael J. Webb
Charles P. Allen High School
Christopher Freure Bedford, Nova Scotia Michael J. Webb Consulting Inc.
South Lincoln High School Toronto, Ontario
Smithville, Ontario Cheryl Madeira
Marshall McLuhan Catholic
Theresa George Secondary School Safety Reviewer
St. Paul Secondary School Toronto, Ontario Dr. Margaret-Ann Armour
Mississauga, Ontario
Dermot O’Hara Assistant Chair, Department of
Keith Gibbons Head of Science Chemistry
Science Department Head Mother Theresa Secondary School University of Alberta
Catholic Central High School Scarborough, Ontario Edmonton, Alberta
London, Ontario
Henry Pasma
Gail Gislason Cawthra Park Secondary School
Cresent Heights High School Mississauga, Ontario
Calgary, Alberta
Our cover: A polarized light micrograph of a liquid crystal, a kind of substance you are familiar with from digital displays on prod-
ucts such as pocket calculators and laptop computers. Although liquid crystal flows like a fluid, its molecular arrangement exhibits
some order, as in a solid. You will learn more about the movement of solid, liquid, and gas molecules in Unit 3.
• MHR iii
, Contents
Safety in Your Chemistry Laboratory
and Classroom x
Introducing Chemistry 11 xiv
UNIT 1 Matter and Chemical Bonding 2
C h a p t e r 1 Observing Matter 5
1.1 The Study of Chemistry 6
Canadians in Chemistry: Dr. John Charles Polanyi 9
1.2 Describing and Measuring Matter 11
Investigation 1-A: Observing Aluminum Foil 13
ExpressLab: Significant Digits 19
Chemistry Bulletin: Air Canada Flight 143 23
1.3 Classifying Matter and Its Changes 25
ThoughtLab: Mixtures, Pure Substances, and Changes 27
Chapter 1 Review 29
C h a p t e r 2 Elements and the Periodic Table 33
2.1 Atoms and Their Composition 34
2.2 Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table 40
ExpressLab: Observing the Spectra of Elements 43
2.3 Periodic Trends Involving the Sizes and Energy Levels
of Atoms 49
Investigation 2-A: Analyzing Atomic Radius Data 50
Chemistry Bulletin: Manitoba Mine Specializes in
Rare Metals 56
Tools & Techniques: Analyzing the Ice Man’s Axe 58
ThoughtLab: Design an Annotated Periodic Table 59
Chapter 2 Review 61
C h a p t e r 3 Chemical Compounds and Bonding 65
3.1 Classifying Chemical Compounds 66
ExpressLab: A Metal and a Compound 67
ThoughtLab: Ionic or Covalent? 68
3.2 Ionic and Covalent Bonding: The Octet Rule 75
Careers In Chemistry: Metallurgist 77
Investigation 3-A: Crystalline Columns 80
3.3 Polar Covalent Bonds and Polar Molecules 85
Canadians in Chemistry: Dr. Geoffrey Ozin 89
Investigation 3-B: Modelling Molecules 92
iv MHR • Contents
