PHI 215 Terms Exam Questions And Answers Distinction Guaranteed

philosophical method -correct answers the systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge greatest practical benefit of philosophy -correct answers the intellectual wherewithal to improve our lives by improving our philosophy of life Why is "an unexamined life is not worth living"? -correct answers• With the attainment of wisdom, we come to understand the true nature of reality and how to apply that understanding to living a good life. • If you passively accept beliefs, the those beliefs are not really yours; you forfeit your personal freedom. • The soul is harmed by lack of knowledge. What is the theoretical benefit of philosophy? -correct answer understanding for its own sake metaphysics -correct answers the study of reality in the broadest sense, an inquiry into the elemental nature of the universe and the things in it epistemology -correct answer study of knowledge axiology -correct answer study of value ethics -correct answer inquiries into the nature of moral judgments, virtues, values, obligations, and theories logic -correct answer study of correct reasoning Socratic method -correct answer simple question-and-answer dialogue about people's views on virtue, religion, justice, or the good while challenge them to think critically reduction ad absurdum -correct answer san argument form in which a set of statements to be proved false is assumed, and absurd or false statements are deduced from the set as a whole, showing that the original statement must be false statement (claim optional) -correct answers an assertion that something is or is not the case and is therefore the kind of utterance that is either true or false. deductive argument (optional) -correct answers an argument intended to give logically conclusive support to its conclusion inductive argument (optional) -correct answers an argument intended to give probable support to its conclusion conditional premise (optional) -correct answer premise consisting of a conditional, or if-then, statement (actually a compound statement composed of two constituent statements) antecedent of conditional premise (optional) -correct answers the "if" of a conditional statement consequent of conditional premise (optional) -correct answer the "then" of a conditional statement modus ponens (affirming the antecedent) (optional) -correct answers If P then Q, P, Therefore Q modus tollens (denying the consequent) (optional) -correct answers If P then Q. If not Q, therefore not P. enumerative induction (optional) -correct answers begins with observations about some members of the group and end up with generalizations about all of them analogical induction (optional) -correct answers reasoning that because two things are similar in some ways, they must be similar in a further way. Clarence Darrow -correct answers A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He believed that humans were not responsible for their actions because they do not have freewill. dependent premise -correct answers a premise that is weak by itself but together can constitute a strong support for the conclusion independent premise -correct answers a premise that does not need others to constitute a good support for the conclusion Hypatia -correct answer one of the first women to earn fame as a mathematician, taught Greek philosophy and mathematics how to read philosophy -correct answers1. Approach the text with an open mind 2. Read actively and critically 3. Identify the conclusion first, then the premises 4. Outline, paraphrase, or summarize the argument 5. Evaluate the argument and formulate a tentative judgment straw man -correct answer fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea appeal to the person -correct answers Rejecting a claim by criticizing the person who makes it. Also called Ad hominem. appeal to popularity -correct answers The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true merely because a substantial number of people believe it. genetic fallacy -correct answers Arguments that state that an idea should be discounted simply because of its source or origin. equivocation -correct answers When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. appeal to ignorance -correct answers A fallacy that uses an opponent's inability to disprove a conclusion as proof of the conclusion's correctness. false dilemma -correct answers A fallacy of oversimplification that offers a limited number of options (usually two) when in fact more options are available. begging the question -correct answers Often called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim. slippery slope -correct answers a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented fallacy of composition -correct answers The erroneous belief that what is true for a part is necessarily true for the whole. fallacy of division -correct answer assuming that what is true of the whole is automatically true of the part mind-body problem -correct answer the issue of what mental phenomena really are and how they relate to the physical world substance dualism -correct answer the notion that mind and body consists of two fundamentally different kinds of stuff, or substances Cartesian dualism -correct answer teaching of René Descartes that the mind or spirit constitutes one reality while the body is something completel