BIO302 REALIBLE EXAMS SHEET 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔feedback inhibition ex. - ✔✔by product CTP binds to enzyme to turn off when CTP is
plentiful
✔✔Allosteric inhibitor - ✔✔binding to site that is not the active site to cause
conformational change (CTP)
✔✔Feedback activation - ✔✔increase ligand (ADP) conc. activates enzymatic reaction
for oxidation of sugars
✔✔Covalent modification of protein - ✔✔Phosphorylation,acetylation, methylation,
ubiquitination can influence protein behavior and change function within the cell
✔✔how can cells regulate addition of phosphate group - ✔✔GTP binding proteins. Form
switches for proteins. active when GTP is bound. Inactive when GTP hydrolyzes (P is
removed) itself to GDP
✔✔Allosteric motor proteins - ✔✔driven by ATP hydrolysis (remove P to turn ATP to
ADP). Moves in one direction
✔✔sickle cell anemia - ✔✔caused by single nucleotide change, one duplication doesn't
do anything, second duplication can display symptoms
✔✔central dogma - ✔✔DNA to RNA to protein
✔✔watson and cricket - ✔✔determined dna structure, how DNA is copied and encoded
to make protein
✔✔Rosalind franklin - ✔✔xray diffraction patterns of crystalline b-form dna
✔✔Fred griffith - ✔✔discovered heat-killed lethal bacteria can transform harmless
bacteria (both Streptococcus pneumonia) into all lethal strain
✔✔Avery, macleod, and mccarthy - ✔✔extracted disease causing bacteria strain and
fractionated it to discover that DNA is present to have transformation.
Evidence that DNA is genetic material
✔✔when cell prepares to divide, what happens - ✔✔chromosomes become visible
✔✔chromatin - ✔✔combination of DNA/protein to make up contents of nucleus of cell
, ✔✔function of chromatin - ✔✔assist in transformation into nondividing to make
chromosome (elongated form)
✔✔interphase - ✔✔G1, S ,G2
resting nondividing
✔✔Nucleotide structure - ✔✔has sugar-phosphate covalently linked to a base.
✔✔purines - ✔✔2 rings (adenine,Guanine)
✔✔Pyrimidines - ✔✔1-ring (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil)
✔✔Phosphodiester bonds - ✔✔links 5 to 3 (covalent bonds in the backbone linking
nucleotides together)
✔✔hydrogen bonds - ✔✔links bases in double helix, antiparallel. (a to T; C to G)
✔✔major groove - ✔✔more binding interaction between protein and DNA.
✔✔what does coiling of the 2 DNA strands do - ✔✔create major/minor grooves
✔✔A to T (h-bond) - ✔✔2 hydrogen bonds
✔✔C to G (hbond) - ✔✔3 hydrogen bonds
✔✔3 end carries - ✔✔unlinked -OH group attached to the 3 position on the sugar
✔✔5 end carries - ✔✔free phosphate group attached to 5 position on sugar ring
✔✔Gene - ✔✔sequence nucleotides in our genome to direct gene expression (always
read from 5 to 3)
✔✔Every protein-coding gene is - ✔✔used to produce RNA, RNA directs protein
production
✔✔non coding RNA/gene sequence - ✔✔Always goes from DNA to RNA (not always
continues to protein)
✔✔non-coding rna examples - ✔✔tRNA,miRNA,rRNA
✔✔Hershey and chase - ✔✔showed genes are made of DNA
AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔feedback inhibition ex. - ✔✔by product CTP binds to enzyme to turn off when CTP is
plentiful
✔✔Allosteric inhibitor - ✔✔binding to site that is not the active site to cause
conformational change (CTP)
✔✔Feedback activation - ✔✔increase ligand (ADP) conc. activates enzymatic reaction
for oxidation of sugars
✔✔Covalent modification of protein - ✔✔Phosphorylation,acetylation, methylation,
ubiquitination can influence protein behavior and change function within the cell
✔✔how can cells regulate addition of phosphate group - ✔✔GTP binding proteins. Form
switches for proteins. active when GTP is bound. Inactive when GTP hydrolyzes (P is
removed) itself to GDP
✔✔Allosteric motor proteins - ✔✔driven by ATP hydrolysis (remove P to turn ATP to
ADP). Moves in one direction
✔✔sickle cell anemia - ✔✔caused by single nucleotide change, one duplication doesn't
do anything, second duplication can display symptoms
✔✔central dogma - ✔✔DNA to RNA to protein
✔✔watson and cricket - ✔✔determined dna structure, how DNA is copied and encoded
to make protein
✔✔Rosalind franklin - ✔✔xray diffraction patterns of crystalline b-form dna
✔✔Fred griffith - ✔✔discovered heat-killed lethal bacteria can transform harmless
bacteria (both Streptococcus pneumonia) into all lethal strain
✔✔Avery, macleod, and mccarthy - ✔✔extracted disease causing bacteria strain and
fractionated it to discover that DNA is present to have transformation.
Evidence that DNA is genetic material
✔✔when cell prepares to divide, what happens - ✔✔chromosomes become visible
✔✔chromatin - ✔✔combination of DNA/protein to make up contents of nucleus of cell
, ✔✔function of chromatin - ✔✔assist in transformation into nondividing to make
chromosome (elongated form)
✔✔interphase - ✔✔G1, S ,G2
resting nondividing
✔✔Nucleotide structure - ✔✔has sugar-phosphate covalently linked to a base.
✔✔purines - ✔✔2 rings (adenine,Guanine)
✔✔Pyrimidines - ✔✔1-ring (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil)
✔✔Phosphodiester bonds - ✔✔links 5 to 3 (covalent bonds in the backbone linking
nucleotides together)
✔✔hydrogen bonds - ✔✔links bases in double helix, antiparallel. (a to T; C to G)
✔✔major groove - ✔✔more binding interaction between protein and DNA.
✔✔what does coiling of the 2 DNA strands do - ✔✔create major/minor grooves
✔✔A to T (h-bond) - ✔✔2 hydrogen bonds
✔✔C to G (hbond) - ✔✔3 hydrogen bonds
✔✔3 end carries - ✔✔unlinked -OH group attached to the 3 position on the sugar
✔✔5 end carries - ✔✔free phosphate group attached to 5 position on sugar ring
✔✔Gene - ✔✔sequence nucleotides in our genome to direct gene expression (always
read from 5 to 3)
✔✔Every protein-coding gene is - ✔✔used to produce RNA, RNA directs protein
production
✔✔non coding RNA/gene sequence - ✔✔Always goes from DNA to RNA (not always
continues to protein)
✔✔non-coding rna examples - ✔✔tRNA,miRNA,rRNA
✔✔Hershey and chase - ✔✔showed genes are made of DNA
