Competency Exam Study Guide
Biblical Worldview
Define a biblical basis for personal and public health practice.
Example:
An example of a healthcare practice that has a biblical basis to it is circumcision.
Circumcision has health advantages that include reduced risk of getting sexually transmitted
diseases like HSV-2 the human papilloma virus. The bible verse that provides the basis of
this help practice is (Genesis 17:10-14) In this verse God tells Abraham that all of his
household should be circumcised. Circumcision is more of a personal health practice and
the choice is to the family.
As for a public health practice, quarantine is the separation of people who could be carriers
of infectious disease to prevent its spread for the rest of the population. There is a biblical
basis and verses that back up quarantine as a health practice and a preventive measure to
the spread of disease. This is evident in the verse Leviticus 13:46 stating that those who
carry the disease are "unclean" and must live alone for a time period.
HLTH 501 Biostatistics
1. Study designs
Know the difference between observational and experimental design
Experimental: manipulated, allocation of participants to distinct
groups. Observational: No variables changed, the investigator has no
control over or manipulation of the variables.
Observational Study Design: Observational study is one in which the
investigator has no control over or manipulation of the variables. Researchers
monitor the effect of a risk factor, diagnostic test, treatment, or other intervention
in observational studies without seeking to change who is or is not exposed to it.
, They're called observational studies since the researcher observes people
without intervening or manipulating them. Observational research differs from
investigations such as randomized controlled trials, in which each person is
assigned to either a treated or control group at random.
Experimental Study Design The allocation of participants to distinct groups in an
experiment is referred to as experimental design. Repeated measurements,
independent groups, and matched pairs designs are examples of design types. The
most frequent method for designing an experiment is to divide the participants into two
groups: experimental and control, and then apply a change to the experimental group
but not the control group. The researcher must decide how his or her sample will be
divided among the several experimental groups.
Know differences between study designs
Cohort studies : exposure to outcome , then follow the individual over time
o Case - control : outcome to exposure . It is basically an estimate of a cohort study . You start
with the outcome and trace it back to figure out the exposure .
Retrospective .
Know the advantages and disadvantages between study designs
2. Quantifying Extent of disease
Be able to compute prevalence and incidence
Know the difference between incidence and prevalence
Compute odds ratio and relative risk
3. Types of variables and Descriptive Statistics
Know the different types of variables such as: dichotomous, ordinal, categorical
and continuous variables and be able to give examples of each
Compute the median, mode, standard deviation and quartiles
, Identify outliers
Understand central tendencies
4. Probabilities
Compute basic and conditional probabilities
Identify difference sampling methods such as: convenience sampling, simple
random sample, stratified sampling and quota sampling.
Compute and interpret sensitivity, specificity, false positive fraction and false
negative fraction of a diagnostic or test
Compute binomial and normal distribution probabilities including percentiles
5. Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing
Compute and interpret confidence intervals
Know the difference between the t and z scores
Understand margin of error
Know and explain the 5 steps of hypothesis testing
Know the difference between null hypothesis and research hypothesis
Provide the rejection rule based on a research scenario
Be able to write conclusions based on hypothesis testing procedures
Know the critical values for one, two-sided alpha =0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 levels of
significance for z and t
Calculate and interpret chi squared test including goodness of fit test and test of
independence
Calculate and interpret ANOVA
Understand statistical significance based on the p value
Biblical Worldview
Define a biblical basis for personal and public health practice.
Example:
An example of a healthcare practice that has a biblical basis to it is circumcision.
Circumcision has health advantages that include reduced risk of getting sexually transmitted
diseases like HSV-2 the human papilloma virus. The bible verse that provides the basis of
this help practice is (Genesis 17:10-14) In this verse God tells Abraham that all of his
household should be circumcised. Circumcision is more of a personal health practice and
the choice is to the family.
As for a public health practice, quarantine is the separation of people who could be carriers
of infectious disease to prevent its spread for the rest of the population. There is a biblical
basis and verses that back up quarantine as a health practice and a preventive measure to
the spread of disease. This is evident in the verse Leviticus 13:46 stating that those who
carry the disease are "unclean" and must live alone for a time period.
HLTH 501 Biostatistics
1. Study designs
Know the difference between observational and experimental design
Experimental: manipulated, allocation of participants to distinct
groups. Observational: No variables changed, the investigator has no
control over or manipulation of the variables.
Observational Study Design: Observational study is one in which the
investigator has no control over or manipulation of the variables. Researchers
monitor the effect of a risk factor, diagnostic test, treatment, or other intervention
in observational studies without seeking to change who is or is not exposed to it.
, They're called observational studies since the researcher observes people
without intervening or manipulating them. Observational research differs from
investigations such as randomized controlled trials, in which each person is
assigned to either a treated or control group at random.
Experimental Study Design The allocation of participants to distinct groups in an
experiment is referred to as experimental design. Repeated measurements,
independent groups, and matched pairs designs are examples of design types. The
most frequent method for designing an experiment is to divide the participants into two
groups: experimental and control, and then apply a change to the experimental group
but not the control group. The researcher must decide how his or her sample will be
divided among the several experimental groups.
Know differences between study designs
Cohort studies : exposure to outcome , then follow the individual over time
o Case - control : outcome to exposure . It is basically an estimate of a cohort study . You start
with the outcome and trace it back to figure out the exposure .
Retrospective .
Know the advantages and disadvantages between study designs
2. Quantifying Extent of disease
Be able to compute prevalence and incidence
Know the difference between incidence and prevalence
Compute odds ratio and relative risk
3. Types of variables and Descriptive Statistics
Know the different types of variables such as: dichotomous, ordinal, categorical
and continuous variables and be able to give examples of each
Compute the median, mode, standard deviation and quartiles
, Identify outliers
Understand central tendencies
4. Probabilities
Compute basic and conditional probabilities
Identify difference sampling methods such as: convenience sampling, simple
random sample, stratified sampling and quota sampling.
Compute and interpret sensitivity, specificity, false positive fraction and false
negative fraction of a diagnostic or test
Compute binomial and normal distribution probabilities including percentiles
5. Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing
Compute and interpret confidence intervals
Know the difference between the t and z scores
Understand margin of error
Know and explain the 5 steps of hypothesis testing
Know the difference between null hypothesis and research hypothesis
Provide the rejection rule based on a research scenario
Be able to write conclusions based on hypothesis testing procedures
Know the critical values for one, two-sided alpha =0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 levels of
significance for z and t
Calculate and interpret chi squared test including goodness of fit test and test of
independence
Calculate and interpret ANOVA
Understand statistical significance based on the p value
