HMX GENETICS NEWEST VERSION 2025
Actual Exam Questions and Verified
Answers | 100% Correct
/. Chromatin - Answer-packaged DNA. Composed of DNA helix wound around histone
proteins forming nucleosomes. 150 bp of DNA wound around each histone core
/.Amino acid - Answer-20 different molecules used to build proteins. Coded by genes.
Organic. Contains a Carboxyl (-COOH) and an Amino (-NH2) group
/.Central dogma - Answer-flow of information in cell from DNA to RNA to protein
/.Codon - Answer-set of 3 nucleotides
/.DNA - Answer-deoxyribonucleic acid. contains deoxyribose sugar (5 carbon),
phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (ATCG). Hydrogen bond connects
nucleotides (A=T C=G). Directs production of RNA by transcription. Nitrogen-containing
base on 1' carbon. Hydroxyl group on 3'. Phosphate group on 5'. Encodes information
/.Frameshift variant - Answer-caused by insertions or deletions of a single gene
/.Genotype - Answer-genetic makeup
/.Missense variant - Answer-point mutation, single nucleotide change results in codon
that codes for different amino acid
/.Nonsense variant - Answer-genetic alteration that causes premature termination of a
protein
/.nucleic acid - Answer-many nucleotides linked in a long chain. DNA or RNA
/.phenotype - Answer-physical makeup
/.protein - Answer-provide structure and function (phenotype)
/.RNA - Answer-provides portability. Directs production of proteins by translation
/.Silent variant - Answer-don't have observable effect on organism's phenotype
,/.Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) - Answer-common SNVs, occur in >1% of
population, create human genetic diversity
/.Transcription - Answer-DNA-->RNA. mediated by RNA polymerase. 2 (RNAPII)
complex and produces primary RNA molecule. Primary RNA molecule is spliced and
processed to become a mature mRNA
/.Translation - Answer-RNA-->Protein. Produces a protein from protein coding region of
a mature mRNA. 5' and 3' of mRNA molecule aren't translation-ed and are called
untranslated regions (UTRs)
/.Transcription factor - Answer-TF. Protein that controls the rate of transcription of
genetic information from DNA to mRNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence
/.Nucleosome - Answer-made up of 150 bps of DNA wrapped around protein core
composed of 8 histone proteins
/.Base - Answer-measurement of DNA length indicating one nucleotide. Unit can be
modified by multipliers.
/.Kilobase (Kb) - Answer-1,000 bases
/.Megabase (Mb) - Answer-1,000,000 bases
/.genetic variation - Answer-difference in genotype. Variants in regulation regions and
UTRs can affect RNA or protein levels. Variant affecting protein structures have to be in
the protein coding region -> activity/specificty of enzyme TAA.
/.Variable Expressivity - Answer-degree of phenotypic expression differs among
individuals with same genotype
/.Alleles - Answer-different forms of genes
/.Autosomal - Answer-have 46 chromosomes (44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes).
Diploid
/.Carrier - Answer-individuals who are heterozygous in recessive inheritance
/.Centromeres - Answer-highly condensed region of chromosome where sister
chromatids are connected
/.Diploid - Answer-2n. 2 copies of a chromosome
/.Dominant - Answer-requires only 1 copy of a disease allele to cause a disease
/.Expressivity - Answer-degree of phenotypic expression of a train in individuals
, /.gametes - Answer-sex cells. egg cells in females. sperm cells in males. haploid. 23
chromosomes (22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosomes)
/.haploid - Answer-n. one copy of a chromosome
/.heterozygous - Answer-organisms that have 2 different alleles for a gene. Tt
/.homologous chromosomes - Answer-one set comes from male parent and one set
comes from female parent
/.homozygous - Answer-organisms that have 2 identical alleles for a gene. tt
/.independent assortment - Answer-all pairs of genes segregate independently from
each other, unless they are close together on the same chromosome
/.Meiosis - Answer-reductional division. diploid cells reduce their genetic material by half
to create haploid reproductive cells, or gametes
/.Pedigree - Answer-family tree annotated with a standardized genetic nomenclature.
used to follow inheritance of a trait through a family
/.penetrance - Answer-fraction of people with a genotype that exhibit the associated
phenotype
/.recessive - Answer-requires 2 copies of a disease allele to cause a disease
/.recombination - Answer-exchange of portions of genetic material
/.sex-linked (inheritance) - Answer-caused by gene on sex chromosomes (x or y). Not
reciprocal -> there are different outcomes if mother or father have disease allele.
/.sister chromatids - Answer-one half of duplicated chromosome
/.sexual reproduction - Answer-half of individual's genetic material is inherited from each
parent
/.Mendelian diseases - Answer-genetic diseases caused by single gene. Run in
families. Family history, pedigree
/.Red-Green Colorblindness - Answer-x-linked. 8% males, 0.5% females. European
populations. Caused by problems with receptors that detect green wavelength light,
encoded by OPN1MW gene. Person with atleast 1 functional copy of OPN1MW gene
will be able to distinguish red and green. Disruption of both copies leads to this, making
it a recessive trait
Actual Exam Questions and Verified
Answers | 100% Correct
/. Chromatin - Answer-packaged DNA. Composed of DNA helix wound around histone
proteins forming nucleosomes. 150 bp of DNA wound around each histone core
/.Amino acid - Answer-20 different molecules used to build proteins. Coded by genes.
Organic. Contains a Carboxyl (-COOH) and an Amino (-NH2) group
/.Central dogma - Answer-flow of information in cell from DNA to RNA to protein
/.Codon - Answer-set of 3 nucleotides
/.DNA - Answer-deoxyribonucleic acid. contains deoxyribose sugar (5 carbon),
phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (ATCG). Hydrogen bond connects
nucleotides (A=T C=G). Directs production of RNA by transcription. Nitrogen-containing
base on 1' carbon. Hydroxyl group on 3'. Phosphate group on 5'. Encodes information
/.Frameshift variant - Answer-caused by insertions or deletions of a single gene
/.Genotype - Answer-genetic makeup
/.Missense variant - Answer-point mutation, single nucleotide change results in codon
that codes for different amino acid
/.Nonsense variant - Answer-genetic alteration that causes premature termination of a
protein
/.nucleic acid - Answer-many nucleotides linked in a long chain. DNA or RNA
/.phenotype - Answer-physical makeup
/.protein - Answer-provide structure and function (phenotype)
/.RNA - Answer-provides portability. Directs production of proteins by translation
/.Silent variant - Answer-don't have observable effect on organism's phenotype
,/.Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) - Answer-common SNVs, occur in >1% of
population, create human genetic diversity
/.Transcription - Answer-DNA-->RNA. mediated by RNA polymerase. 2 (RNAPII)
complex and produces primary RNA molecule. Primary RNA molecule is spliced and
processed to become a mature mRNA
/.Translation - Answer-RNA-->Protein. Produces a protein from protein coding region of
a mature mRNA. 5' and 3' of mRNA molecule aren't translation-ed and are called
untranslated regions (UTRs)
/.Transcription factor - Answer-TF. Protein that controls the rate of transcription of
genetic information from DNA to mRNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence
/.Nucleosome - Answer-made up of 150 bps of DNA wrapped around protein core
composed of 8 histone proteins
/.Base - Answer-measurement of DNA length indicating one nucleotide. Unit can be
modified by multipliers.
/.Kilobase (Kb) - Answer-1,000 bases
/.Megabase (Mb) - Answer-1,000,000 bases
/.genetic variation - Answer-difference in genotype. Variants in regulation regions and
UTRs can affect RNA or protein levels. Variant affecting protein structures have to be in
the protein coding region -> activity/specificty of enzyme TAA.
/.Variable Expressivity - Answer-degree of phenotypic expression differs among
individuals with same genotype
/.Alleles - Answer-different forms of genes
/.Autosomal - Answer-have 46 chromosomes (44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes).
Diploid
/.Carrier - Answer-individuals who are heterozygous in recessive inheritance
/.Centromeres - Answer-highly condensed region of chromosome where sister
chromatids are connected
/.Diploid - Answer-2n. 2 copies of a chromosome
/.Dominant - Answer-requires only 1 copy of a disease allele to cause a disease
/.Expressivity - Answer-degree of phenotypic expression of a train in individuals
, /.gametes - Answer-sex cells. egg cells in females. sperm cells in males. haploid. 23
chromosomes (22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosomes)
/.haploid - Answer-n. one copy of a chromosome
/.heterozygous - Answer-organisms that have 2 different alleles for a gene. Tt
/.homologous chromosomes - Answer-one set comes from male parent and one set
comes from female parent
/.homozygous - Answer-organisms that have 2 identical alleles for a gene. tt
/.independent assortment - Answer-all pairs of genes segregate independently from
each other, unless they are close together on the same chromosome
/.Meiosis - Answer-reductional division. diploid cells reduce their genetic material by half
to create haploid reproductive cells, or gametes
/.Pedigree - Answer-family tree annotated with a standardized genetic nomenclature.
used to follow inheritance of a trait through a family
/.penetrance - Answer-fraction of people with a genotype that exhibit the associated
phenotype
/.recessive - Answer-requires 2 copies of a disease allele to cause a disease
/.recombination - Answer-exchange of portions of genetic material
/.sex-linked (inheritance) - Answer-caused by gene on sex chromosomes (x or y). Not
reciprocal -> there are different outcomes if mother or father have disease allele.
/.sister chromatids - Answer-one half of duplicated chromosome
/.sexual reproduction - Answer-half of individual's genetic material is inherited from each
parent
/.Mendelian diseases - Answer-genetic diseases caused by single gene. Run in
families. Family history, pedigree
/.Red-Green Colorblindness - Answer-x-linked. 8% males, 0.5% females. European
populations. Caused by problems with receptors that detect green wavelength light,
encoded by OPN1MW gene. Person with atleast 1 functional copy of OPN1MW gene
will be able to distinguish red and green. Disruption of both copies leads to this, making
it a recessive trait
