Honors US History Study Guide Questions and Answers correct

Honors US History Study Guide Questions and Answers correct Legal Tender Act Congress passed the Legal Tender Act to finance the Civil War. It allowed the federal government for the first time to print paper money, called greenbacks, that was not backed by an equal amount of gold or silver Border States and their impact The American Civil War, The Border States. The Lincoln administration regarded Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri as border states, critical because of their geographical positions and questionable in loyalty because of their strong ties to both South and North. Conscription Act Produces the first wartime draft of U.S. citizens in American history. The act called for registration of all males between the ages of 20 and 45, including aliens with the intention of becoming citizens, by April 1. Copperheads Copperheads were a vocal faction of Democrats in the Northern United States of the Union who opposed the American Civil War, wanting an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates. Fort Sumter The Battle of Fort Sumter was the first battle of the American Civil War Election of 1864 Republican Pres. Abraham Lincoln defeated Democrat George B. McClellan. As the election occurred during the American Civil War, it was contested only by the states that had not seceded from the Union. Sherman's March Sherman's March to the Sea, more formally known as the Savannah Campaign, was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 to December 21, 1864 by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. Tenure of Office Act Was intended to restrict the power of the President of the United States to remove certain office-holders without the approval of the Senate. The law was enacted on March 3, 1867, over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. Scalawags and Carpetbaggers Scalawags were southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party, after the American Civil War. Carpetbaggers were a person from the northern states who went to the South after the Civil War to profit from the Reconstruction. Credit Mobilier Crédit Mobilier scandal of 1867, which came to public attention in 1872, involved the Union Pacific Rail Road and the Crédit Mobilier of America construction company in the building of the eastern portion of the First Transcontinental Railroad. Election of 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat Samuel Tilden of New York was one of the most hostile, controversial campaigns in American history. ... The vote was 8-7 along party lines to award the disputed electoral college votes to Hayes, making him the winner. Range Wars Armed conflict that occurs in agrarian or stock-rearing societies. The subject of these conflicts was control of "open range", or range land freely used for cattle grazing, which gave the conflict its name. Typically they were disputes over water rights or grazing rights. Immigration to the Great Plains The railroads opened up the Great Plains for settlement, for now it was possible to ship wheat and other crops at low cost to the urban markets in the East, and Europe. Homestead land was free for American settlers. Dawes Act attempt to "americanize" the indians giving each tribe 160 acres; after 25 years this property would become theirs (if they were good little whites) and they would become an american citizen. collectivism. the political principle of centralized social and economic control, esp. of all means of production. Assimilation of native american transform Native American culture to European-American culture Chinese Exclusion Act restricting immigration into the United States. In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur. This act provided an absolute 10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration. Haymarket bombing organized by labor radicals to protest the killing and wounding of several workers by the Chicago police during a strike the day before at the McCormick Reaper Works. Sherman Antitrust Act A federal law passed in 1890 that committed the American government to opposing monopolies. Depression of 1893 causes marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures. Populist party was an agrarian-populist political party in the United States. For a few years, 1892-96, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politics. Eugene Debs American union leader, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World, and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President Social Gospel Movement religious movement that arose during the second half of the nineteenth century. Ministers, especially ones belonging to the Protestant branch of Christianity, began to tie salvation and good works together. They argued that people must emulate the life of Jesus Christ. Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States Plessy v. Ferguson landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal". Josiah Strong American Protestant clergyman, organizer, editor and author. He was a leader of the Social Gospel movement, calling for social justice and combating social evils. Bull Run The first battle of the American Civil War, fought in Virginia near Washington, D.C. The surprising victory of the Confederate army humiliated the North and forced it to prepare for a long war. A year later the Confederacy won another victory near the same place. Wade-Davis Bill bill proposed for the Reconstruction of the South written by two Radical Republicans, Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio and Representative Henry Winter Davis of Maryland. Antietam halted the Confederate advance on Maryland for the purpose of gaining military supplies. National Bank Act designed to create a national banking system, float federal war loans, and establish a national currency. Congress passed the act to help resolve the financial crisis that emerged during the early days of the American Civil War Anaconda Plan applied to a U.S. Union Army outline strategy for suppressing the Confederacy at the beginning of the American Civil War Gettysburg helped the US to win the war. More soldiers died than in any other battle in US history. It was fought in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, between the southern forces under General Robert E Lee and the US soldiers led by General George Mead Lincolns reconstruction plan his plan for Reconstruction was based on forgiveness. He thus issued the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction in 1863 to announce his intention to reunite the once-united states. KKK Act of 1871 Members of the Ku Klux Klan, for example, terrorized black citizens for exercising their right to vote, running for public office, and serving on juries. In response, Congress passed a series of Enforcement Acts in 1870 and 1871 (also known as the Force Acts) to end such violence and empower the president Economic Depression of 1873 financial crisis that triggered a depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 until 1879, and even longer in some countries Sharecroppers form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land Sand Creek a massacre in the American Indian Wars that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 675-man force of Colorado U.S. Volunteer Cavalry attacked and destroyed a village of Cheyenne Decline of Cattle Industry combination of factors brought an end to the cattle kingdom in the 1880s. The profitability of the industry encouraged ranchers to increase the size of their herds, which led to both overgrazing (the range could not support the number of cattle) and overproduction. Homestead Act encouraged Western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of public land. In exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land. Ghost Dance was a new religious movement incorporated into numerous American Indian belief systems. Fredrick Jackson Turner American historian in the early 20th century, based at the University of Wisconsin until 1910, and then at Harvard. He trained many PhDs who came to occupy prominent places in the history profession. Gosepl of Wealth is an article written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. Major Labor Unions The Service Employees International Union (SEIU), the Teamsters, and other activist unions leave the AFL-CIO to form a new labor coalition called Change to Win. The move represents a new emphasis on organizing workers to bring them into a labor movement starved for members. ICC Woman's Christian Temperance Union is an active temperance organization that was among the first organizations of women devoted to social reform Pendleton Act United States federal law, enacted in 1883, which established that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation. WCTU Woman's Christian Temperance Union is an active temperance organization that was among the first organizations of women devoted to social reform Pullman Company/Strike nationwide railroad strike in the United States on May 11, 1894, and a turning point for US labor law Coxeys Army Coxey's Army was a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by Ohio businessman Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time Cross of Gold Speech William Jennings Bryan, a former United States Representative from Nebraska, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago on July 9, 1896. In the address, Bryan supported bimetallism or "free silver", which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. Conspicuois Consumption spending of money on and the acquiring of luxury goods and services to publicly display economic power—of the income or of the accumulated wealth of the buyer Disenfraanchisment led by Democrats to settle racial matters with black once and for all; adopted a literacy test that effectively drove the state's blacks out of politics White Man's Burden the task that white colonizers believed they had to impose their civilization on the black inhabitants of their colonies. Alfred Thayer Mahan United States naval officer and historian, whom John Keegan called "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century Booker T. Washington Born into slavery to a white father and slave mother in Virginia, this man became an American political leader, educator, orator, and author. Was not for blacks violently protesting, but believed that blacks would gain equality by going to school, getting jobs, staying employed. Delivered Atlanta Compromise Speech of 1895. Settlement Houses an institution in an inner-city area providing educational, recreational, and other social services to the community. Prohibition the prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol, especially in the US between 1920 and 1933 Hepburn Act United States federal law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates and extend its jurisdiction. This led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers. Maragret Sanger American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood Wilsons plaform in 1912 This militant progressive waged a passionate reform campaign in 1912 in which he assailed the "predatory" trusts and promised the return of state government to the people. He won the election of 1912 to become President. His platform was called New Freedom, and it favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets. He was a minority president, though his party won a majority in Congress. He looked like the ascetic intellectual he was, with his clean-cut features, pinched-on eyeglasses, and trim figure. He sympathized with the Confederacy's gallant attempt to win its independence and was steeped in the traditions of Jeffersonian democracy. He was pious, eloquent, and had sincerity and moral appeal. Some of his defects were that he could be cold and standoffish in public and was arrogant. He called for an all-out assault on the "triple wall of privilege," or the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. His approach to foreign affairs was called Moral Diplomacy, meaning that he tried to base relationships on equality and honor. He won re-election in 1916, with the slogan "He kept us out of the war," meaning WWI. He received strong support from the working class. McClure Magazine An American illustrated monthly periodical popular at the turn of the 20th century. It was in this magazine that progressive muckraker journalists like Lincoln Steffens and Ida Tarbell got their start. Muckrackers This was the name Roosevelt gave to magazine writers and editors who flourished through the exposing of evil. Major magazines were "McClure's," "Cosmopolitan," "Collier's," and "Everybody's." They dug deep for the dirt that the public loved to hate. They boomed circulation, and some of their most scandalous exposures ended up being published as best-selling books. These writers included Lincoln Steffens, Ida M. Tarbell, Thomas W. Lawson, David G. Phillips, Ray Stannard Baker, and John Spargo. They shed light on topics such as child labor, the subjugation of blacks, the trafficking of women, the slums, industrial accidents, corruption in the Senate, the beef trust, the money trust, Standard Oil Company, and the alliance between big business and government. Election of 1912 In this election, the Democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson, giving him a strong progressive platform called the "New Freedom" program. The Republicans were split between Taft and Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party with its "New Nationalism" program. By the division of the Republican Party, a Democratic victory was ensured. Woodrow Wilson won. The Republicans were thrust into a minority status in Congress for the next six years. Annexation of Hawaii U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898 Phillippines Spanish colony in the Pacific whom the US helped free from the Spanish, but soon after took as their own colony Platt Amendnment This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treates with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay. Triagnle Shirtwaist Fire This was a lethal fire that occurred in 1911 at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company factory in NYC. Locked doors and other flagrant violations of the fire code turned the factory into a death trap. 146 workers died, most of them young immigrant women. Due to this event, the NY legislature passed much stronger laws regulating the hours and conditions of sweatshop toil. Progressive Goals This movement was designed to answer the question about whether the government should remain narrowly limited in its powers or if the times required a more potent government that would actively shape society and secure American interests abroad. Reform-minded men and women shared in the progressive crusade for greater government activism. Therefore, Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson enlarged the capacity of the government to fight graft, bust trusts, regulate corporations, and promote fair labor practices, child welfare, conservation, and consumer protection. Also, women wanted suffrage, which they got in the 19th amendment. Wisconsin Idea The political philosophy developed in the American state of Wisconsin to maximize the use of experts' knowledge created at the state university to reform and modernize the institutions and politics of the state. Pure and Drug Act For preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other purposes. Social Darwinism the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform W. E. B. du Bois An intellectual leader in the United States as sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, and editor. He graduated from Harvard, where he earned his Ph.D in History, the first African-American to earn a doctorate at Harvard. Jacob Riis was a Danish-American social reformer, "muckraking" journalist and social documentary photographer. The Jungle Book published by muckraker journalist Upton Sinclair in 1906 exposing the horrors of the early 20th century meatpacking industry. Instrumental in pushing for food and drug processing reform. ILGWU International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) was once one of the largest labor unions in the United States, one of the first U.S. unions to have a primarily female membership, and a key player in the labor history of the 1920s and 1930s. North Advantages -factories (110,000) provided more supplies -had the majority of the railroad tracks, which provided transportation -lots of farmland, which provided food -had more than two thirds of the population in the north, which meant they could have larger armies, and with all the other advantages they could definitley be able to field, feed and equip larger armies South Advantages Military Advantages -northern armies would have to invade the south, meaning different land -most of the nation's best military officers lived in the south and therefore sided and helped the south Casualities the military term for persons killed, wounded, or missing in action Lincolns Goals Reconstruction were to reconstruct or reform the social and political institutions of the South so that Northern industrialism could be assured of national hegemony England and the Confederacy he United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the British Empire remained officially neutral throughout the American Civil War (). It legally recognised the status of Confederate States of America but never recognised it as a nation and neither signed a treaty with it nor exchanged ambassadors. North Financing the War Selling war bonds 1st nat'l income tax was implemented Black Codes Black Codes were laws passed by Democrat-controlled Southern states in 1865 and 1866, and ended in 1877 because of the Reconstruction after the Civil War. Readmitting Southern states In June 1868, six former Confederate states--Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina--are readmitted to the Union. In September, Georgia expels blacks from its state legislature, prompting Congress to re-impose military rule in the state. Farmers and the Railroads One of the primary effects of railroads on farmers is the decrease that railroads bring to farmers' transportation costs. ... Railroads also allow farmers to have a mobile source of labor as temporary agricultural laborers can travel more easily by railroads Power of Presidency in the Gilded Age The Gilded Age will be remembered for the accomplishments of thousands of American thinkers, inventors, entrepreneurs, writers, and promoters of social justice. Few politicians had an impact on the tremendous change transforming America. The Presidency was at an all-time low in power and influence Tariff issues Elimination of tariffs on products from developing countries. Existing programs, such as the Generalized System of Preferences, the African Growth and Opportunity Act, and the Andean Trade Preference Act, promote mutually beneficial trade and growth by reducing U.S. tariffs New South industrialization, although the educational leaders of the time felt that improving education would raise economic levels Railroads as Big Buisness An increase in railroad construction between 1860 and 1900 changed the United States, helping make it the industrial nation it is today. As the chief system of transportation of goods and people, railroads were essential to American industry.