WGU D027 Advanced Pathopharmacological Foundations OA ACTUAL EXAM PREP 2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS BRAND NEW VERSION

WGU D027 Advanced Pathopharmacological Foundations OA ACTUAL EXAM PREP 2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS BRAND NEW VERSION 1. What is Down's Syndrome? - ANSWER - Also known as 21st trisomy 2. What is Klinefelter syndrome? - ANSWER - Male has extra X chromosome, female-like qualities - Characterized by a tall, thin physique, small infertile testes, and enlarged breasts 3. What is Turner Syndrome? - ANSWER - Missing X chromosome in females - Characterized by distinctive physical characteristics including short stature and webbed neck, failure of normal development of the ovaries, uterus, and breasts - Can lead the development of heart defects 4. What is left hypoplastic heart syndrome? - ANSWER - Severe congenital heart defect in which the left side of the heart is underdeveloped (heart, including the valves) - Affects blood flow to the heart 5. How does left hypoplastic heart syndrome affect newborns? - ANSWER - Affects the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus 6. What are some causes of left hypoplastic left heart syndrome? - ANSWER - Unknown - Some babies have heart defects caused by a combination of genes and other risk factors, such as contact with the environment or what the mother eats or drinks or the medications that the mother uses 7. Why are there no symptoms in newborns with hypoplastic left heart syndrome in the first few days of life? - ANSWER - When a newborn is born, there are two small openings between the left and right side of the heart (the patent ductus arteriosus and the patent foramen ovale) - The small openings allow oxygen-rick blood to bypass the poorly functioning left side of the heart through the patent ductus arteriosus and the patent foramen ovale - After a few days of life, the openings close making it hard for the oxygen-rich blood to get to the rest of the body 8. How is hypoplastic left heart syndrome diagnosed? - ANSWER - Echocardiogram (shows smaller than normal left ventricle and aorta) - During pregnancy, prenatal tests - Ultrasound 9. What is the treatment for hypoplastic left heart syndrome? - ANSWER - Multiple surgeries may be performed in a particular order to increase blood flow to the body and bypass the poorly functioning left side of the heart - The surgeries do not cure, but help restore heart function - Medication to help strengthen the heart muscle, lower blood pressure, and help the body get rid of the extra fluid 10. What are some signs and symptoms of babies with hypoplastic left heart syndrome? - ANSWER - Tire easily (during feeds), poor feeding, poor suckling - Cyanotic to extremities - May require feeding tube and high-calorie diet - Rapid breathing or shortness of breath - Rapid heartbeat or pounding heart 11. What parts of the heart does hypoplastic left heart syndrome affect? - ANSWER - Left ventricle is underdeveloped and too small - Mitral valve is not formed or is very small - The aortic valve is not formed or is very small - The ascending portion of the aorta is underdeveloped or is too small - Often, babies have an atrial septal defect (a hole between the left and right upper chambers, atria, of the heart) 12. What is diabetes? - ANSWER - Group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose) - Type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes 13. What are some signs and symptoms of diabetes? - ANSWER - Increased thirst - Frequent urination - Extreme hunger - Unexplained weight loss - Ketones in the urine - Fatigue - Irritability - Blurred vision 14. Who is more likely to experience symptoms of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia? - ANSWER - Type 1 diabetics, and symptoms may be more severe 15. What are some diagnostic methods for diagnosing diabetes? - ANSWER - Random blood sugar - Fasting blood sugar test - Oral glucose tolerance test (overnight test, measures fasting blood sugar) 16. What is the most reliable assessment of blood glucose? - ANSWER - Hemoglobin A1c - tests blood glucose over 3 months 17. What is the targeted A1c for diabetics? - ANSWER - 6.5 18. What is a "bad" hemoglobin A1c? - ANSWER - 9 19. When is type 1 and type 2 diabetes usually diagnosed? - ANSWER - Type 1: at any age, but often appears during childhood or adolescence - Type 2: more common, can develop at any age, more common in people over the age of 40 20. What are some non-pharmacological treatments for type 2 diabetics? - ANSWER - Nutrition therapy - Weight loss - Physical activity - Blood glucose monitoring - Decrease stress and depression 21. What are some pharmacological treatments for diabetes? - ANSWER - Oral antidiabetics - Insulin - Non-insulin medications 22. What are some examples of short-acting insulin? - ANSWER - Humalog (lispro) - Novolog (aspart) - Aspirda (glulisine) 23. What are some examples of long-acting insulin? - ANSWER - Lantus (glargine), most painful - Levemir (detemir) 24. What is metformin? - ANSWER - Oral antidiabetic - Number one for new type 2 diabetics 25. What is the mechanism of action of metformin? - ANSWER - Inhibits glucose in the liver - Slightly reduces glucose absorption in the gut and increases glucose uptake - Does NOT drive insulin down - Very low risk for hypoglycemia 26. What is the best blood pressure medication for diabetics? - ANSWER - ACE inhibitors (i.e. captopril) - Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) 27. What is diabetic ketoacidosis? - ANSWER - A serious complication where the body produces excess blood acids (ketones) 28. What are some signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis? - ANSWER - Thirst - Frequent urination - Nausea - Abdominal pain - Weakness - Fruity-scented breath - Confusion 29. What could be used to treat patients with chronic migraines? - ANSWER - Botox 30. What medication is prescribed for frequent migraines? - ANSWER - Verapamil 31. What is the first line of treatment for uncomplicated hypertension? - ANSWER - Hydrochlorothiazide with lifestyle changes 32. What does the ACC recommend to diagnose hypertension? - ANSWER - At least two office measurements on at least two separate occasions 33. What is some education that you should inform newly diagnosed patients of hypertension? - ANSWER - Weight management - Salt restriction - Smoking management - Adequate management of sleep apnea - Exercise 34. When should you take the first dose of antihypertensive medications? - ANSWER - Take at night - Slow position changes and lay down if hypotension occurs 35. How does the kidneys regulate blood pressure? - ANSWER - Anti diuretic hormone (ADH), aldosterone, or renin-angiotensin system (RAS) - Causes the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood 36. What are some antihypertensive medications? - ANSWER - Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) - Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBS) - Diuretics (usually thiazides) - Calcium channel blockers (CCB) - Beta-blockers (BB) 37. What does ACE inhibitors do? - ANSWER - Usually end in "-pril" - Targes the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) - Prevent angiotensin-converting enzyme from converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II (prevents water reabsorption and vasoconstriction from occurring which lowers cardiac workload and blood pressure) - Vasodilation - Decrease release of ADH - Increases urination - Increase bradykinin - First dose causes severe hypotension - Can lead to renal failure 38. What are some adverse effects of ACE inhibitors? - ANSWER - Hyperkalemia (monitor potassium frequently) - Angioedema - Dry cough 39. What would a provider discontinue an ACE inhibitor? - ANSWER - Hyperkalemia - Dry cough (most common reason) - Angioedema 40. When would ACE inhibitors be contraindicated? - ANSWER - During pregnancy - Can cause fetal death 41. What does beta-blockers do? - ANSWER - End in "-olol" - If the first letters beings with the letter A-N, it is a beta-1 blocker - If the first letter begins with the letter O-Z, it is a beta-2 blocker - Blocks adrenergic effects of beta-1 and beta-2 receptors - Prevent chemical messengers - Slow heartrate - Relax vessels - Lower blood pressure - Nonselective - use with caution in people with lung conditions (i.e. asthma) - Cardio selective (metoprolol, only beta-1 receptors affected) - Class II antidysrhythmic drug - Third generation (i.e. labetalol) blocks both alpha and beta receptors 42. What are some adverse effects of beta-blockers? - ANSWER - Cholinergic effects (beta-1: decrease in heart rate and blood pressure; beta-2: bronchoconstriction) - Can disguise symptoms that diabetic patients experience (i.e. the jittery feeling) 43. What are some contraindications to taking beta-blockers? - ANSWER - Beta-2: patients with chronic respiratory conditions - Patients with a heart rate less than 60 bpm - Caution in diabetics (can mask some signs and symptoms) 44. What do calcium channel blockers do? - ANSWER - Verapamil, first choice - Vasodilation of arterioles and heart - Class IV antidysrhythmic drug - Dihydropyridines: "-ine," used to treat hypertension and angina - Non-dihydropyridines: "dilt-," used for arrhythmias 45. What is the onset, peak, and duration of diuretics? - ANSWER - Onset: 2 hours after oral intake - Peaks: 2 to 4 hours after intake - Duration: lasts 12 hours 46. What does loop diuretics do? - ANSWER - Usually end in "-emide" - Work by blocking water reabsorption in the loop of Henle of the nephron (increases urine output) 47. What are some adverse effects of loop diuretics? - ANSWER - Hypokalemia - Low blood pressure - Ototoxicity - Nephrotoxicity 48. What are some contraindications to taking loop diuretics? - ANSWER - Auditory or renal impairments - Low potassium threats 49. What does thiazide diuretics do? - ANSWER - Usually end in "-thiazide" - Block water reabsorption in the distal tubule of nephron (leading to increased urine output) 50. What are some adverse effects of thiazide diuretics? - ANSWER - Hypokalemia - Increase uric acid - Hypercalcemia 51. What are some contraindications to taking thiazide diuretics? - ANSWER - Patients with low potassium - Gout - People who are allergic to sulfa (thiazides have a sulfa group in their molecular structure) - Sickle cell patients - Patients with kidney failure 52. What does potassium-sparing diuretics do? - ANSWER - Also known as aldosterone antagonist 53. What are some adverse effects of potassium-sparing diuretics? - ANSWER - Inhibits aldosterone leading to sodium loss in the nephron causing water to be excreted - Distal nephron - Holds potassium, excretes sodium - Takes 45 hours to work 54. What are some contraindications to taking potassium-sparing diuretics? - ANSWER - Hyperkalemia - Androgen blocking causing estrogen effects to be expressed like breast development and higher pitched voice 55. What does angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBS) do? - ANSWER - Common suffix is "-sartan" - Prevents angiotensin II from binding to receptor sites which prevents water reabsorption and vasoconstriction - Acts on the adrenal cortex secreting aldosterone - Second choice if patients cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors for hypertension and heart failure 56. What are some adverse effects of ARBs? - ANSWER - Hyperkalemia - Angioedema 57. What are some contraindications to taking ARBs? - ANSWER - Potassium monitoring 58. What are obese patients at risk for hypertension? - ANSWER - They produce more angiotensin 59. Which Medication is Given After an MI? - ANSWER Beta blocker given for 6 months to prevent another MI 60. When is Medication Reconciliation typically performed? - ANSWER Within 30 days of discharge 61. Which drug class is the initial choice for treating depression? - ANSWER Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) due to their low side effect profile and efficacy 62. What is the primary treatment for uncomplicated otitis media in pediatric patients without other health conditions? - ANSWER Amoxicillin 63. How is Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome diagnosed? - ANSWER Through a Tilt Test 64. What is the purpose of Florinef (corticosteroid)? - ANSWER Used to manage postural hypotension and adrenal insufficiency 65. What are the common side effects of Florinef? - ANSWER Nausea, headache, sleep disturbances, and mood changes 66. What is the off-label use for Prazosin (Minipress), an alpha-1 blocker? - ANSWER As a sleep aid for patients with PTSD 67. Which medications are prescribed for treating Myasthenia Gravis? - ANSWER Corticosteroids and cholinesterase inhibitors 68. What are the side effects of cholinesterase inhibitors like Neostigmine? - ANSWER Excessive salivation, urinary urgency, sweating, muscle spasms, and bradycardia 69. What is the first-line treatment for uncomplicated hypertension? - ANSWER Hydrochlorothiazide (a thiazide diuretic) 70. What might cause Ataxia in a Pediatric Patient? - ANSWER - Fragile X syndrome - Prader-Willi Syndrome by deletion of chromosome 15 from the father 71. Combined ________ are Contraindicated when Breastfeeding. - ANSWER Oral contraceptives 72. Which Antibiotic is Recommended for Treating UTI during Pregnancy? - ANSWER One-time dose of Fosfomycin and Cephalexin. No Penicillins 73. How to Treat Pediatric UTI with No Comorbidities? - ANSWER Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra) Augmentin Cephalosporins 74. Which Parent Does Color Blindness Come From? - ANSWER X-linked so mother. 50% chance of inheriting it. Gene OPN1MW on chromosome 23 is mutated causing color blindness.