Summary ATPL - Principles of Flight Extended

THE

PILOT



Principles
of flight
ATPL
STUDENT
pilot
resume extended
all info you need to pass atpl exams

,81-01 - Subsonic Aerodynamics 4
81-01-01 - Basics, Laws and Definitions 4
Mass Flow (continuity equation) 4
Airfoil 4
Lift 6
Drag 6
Air Speeds 6
Units 6
81-01-02 - Two-dimensional Airflow Around an Aerofoil 7
Stagnation Point 7
Aerodynamic Centre 7
Centre of Pressure 7
Boundary Layer 7
Lift and Drag 7
81-01-03 - Coefficients 8
Lift Coefficient (CL) 8
Positive Camber 8
Negative Camber 8
Zero Camber (Symmetric) 9
Polar Curve 9
81-01-04 - Three-dimensional Airflow About an Aeroplane 10
Wings 10
Drag 10
81-01-05 - Total Drag 11
Total Drag 11
Thrust/Drag vs Speed 11
Speed 11
81-01-06 - Ground Effect 12
Entering 12
Leaving 12
Reactions 12
81-01-07 - Relationship between the CL and Speed in Level Flight 13
Speed 13
81-01-08 - The Stall 14
Load Factor 14
Variação Vs com o peso 14
Variação Vs em volta 14
Stall 14
Stall Speed 15
Variação Vs em attitude 15
Boundary Layer 16
Wing Types 16
Stick Shaker and Stick Pusher 17
081-01-09 - CLMAX Augmentation 18
Vortex Generators 18
Flaps 18
Slats 18
81-01-10 - Means to Reduce the CL - CD Ratio 20
Speed brakes / Spoilers 20
Roll Spoilers 20
81-01-11 - The Boundary Layer 21
Boundary Layer 21
1

, 081-01-12 - Aerodynamic Degradation 22
Ice 22
Aircraft aging 22

080-02 - High Speed Aerodynamics 23
81-02-01 - Speeds 23
Speed of Sound 23
Mach Number 23
High Speeds 24
Limiting Speeds 24
81-02-02 - Shock Waves 25
Normal and Oblique Shock Wave 25
Expansion Shock Wave 25
81-02-03 - Effects of Exceeding MCRIT 26
MCRIT 26
Shock Stall 26
MCDR - Drag Divergence Mach Number 27
Mach trim 27
81-02-04 - Buffet Onset 29
81-02-05 - Means to Influence Mcrit 30

081-04 - Stability 31
081-04-01 - Static and Dynamic Stability 31
Static and Dynamic Stability 31
Stability vs Manoeuvrability 31
Moments 31
81-04-03 - Static and Dynamic Longitudinal Stability 33
Pitching Moment Coefficient (Cm) 33
Elevator 33
Dynamic Oscillations 34
Stick Force 34
Neutral Point 36
81-04-04 - Static Directional Stability 37
Directional Stability 37
Side wind = Sideslip 37
81-04-05 - Static Lateral Stability 38
Lateral Stability 38
81-04-06 - Dynamic Lateral/Directional Stability 38
Dutch Roll 38
Spiral Dive 38

81-05 - Control 39
81-05-01 - General 39
81-05-02 - Pitch (Longitudinal) Control 40
Fixed incidence tailplane 40
Variable incidence Tailplane (All-flying tail) 40
081-05-03 - Yaw (Directional) Control 40
81-05-04 - Roll (Lateral) Control 41
Inboard/Outboard Ailerons, Flaps and Spoilers 41
Adverse Yaw 41
81-05-05 - Roll/Yaw Interaction 42
81-05-06 - Means to Reduce Control Forces 42
Q-Feel 42
Aerodynamic Balancing 42
Balance tab 42
Servo tab 43

2

, Spring Tab 44
Horn balance 44
Anti-balance Tab 44
Internal balance / seal 45
81-05-07 - Mass Balance 45
Bobweight 45
81-05-08 - Trimming 46
Stabiliser Trim 46
Trim Tab 46

81-06 - Limitations 48
81-06-01 - Operating Limitations 48
Flutter 48
Aileron Reversal 49
Speeds 49
81-06-02 - Manoeuvring Envelope 50
Manoeuvring Flight Envelope 50
Speeds 50
81-06-03 - Gust Envelope 52
Turbulence 52
Gust Load Factor 52
Speeds 53

081-07 - Propellers 54
081-07-01 - Conversion of Engine Torque to Thrust 54
General Propellers 54
Fine vs Coarse Pitch 56
Fixed Pitch Propellers 56
Variable Pitch Propellers (Constant Speed Propellers) 56
081-07-02 - Engine Failure 57
Feathered Propeller 57
Windmilling Propeller 57
81-07-03 - Design Features for Power Absorption 58
Power Absorption 58
Efficiency 58
Noise 58
Solidity 58
81-07-04 - Secondary Effects of Propellers 59
Asymmetric blade effect (P-factor) 59
Gyroscopic precession 60

81-08 - Flight Mechanics 61
81-08-01 - Forces Acting on an Aeroplane 61
Turn 61
Climbing 61
Glide 62
81-08-02 - Asymmetric Thrust 63
VMCL 63
VMCA 64
VMCG 64
81-08-03 - Particular Points on a Polar Curve 65




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