THE
PILOT
Mass & balance
ATPL
STUDENT
pilot
resume
all info you need to pass atpl exams
, V s new = V s old x √ (New weight ÷ old weight)
Higher TOM:
V mu = Min unstick speed increase
Stalling speed higher
Gliding speed increase, gliding range unaffected
Fuel flow increase
Stick force increase
AOA increase
Drag increase
Landing distance increased
Manoeuvrability decrease
Range decrease
Rate of climb decrease
Safety margin reduced
CG:
Elevator & tailplane effectiveness in all flight conditions most likely to affect range & CG position
CG neutral:
CG aft located at CP
CG forward:
Stability increase
Stall speed increase
Stick force increase
Range decrease
Absolute ceiling decrease
Rate of climb decrease
Lower mileage
Moment arm longer = fuel consumption increase
Too fwd:
- Difficulty/inability to flare, nose wheel touch-down
- Require nose trim which increases fuel consumption
- Insufficient aft pitch control
CG aft:
Reduction in power for a given speed
Longitudinal static stability decrease
Less drag
Increased cruise range
Fuel consumption decreased
Determines minimum control speed V MCG
Too aft:
- Difficulty/inability to recover from a spin
- Degradation/loss of nose wheel steering (weight on nose wheel decreased = reduced efficiency)
Extending landing gears:
Extend/retract forwards: CG moves fwd
Extend/retract rearwards: CG is aft
Contingency & reserve fuel: Used in “unforeseen circumstances”
Fly regulated TOM with both full traffic & fuel load: Some aircraft in some cases
Traffic load: Can be limited by the desired range (Short or long flight)
Fuel volume conversion: Done using standard fuel density values in operations manual
PILOT
Mass & balance
ATPL
STUDENT
pilot
resume
all info you need to pass atpl exams
, V s new = V s old x √ (New weight ÷ old weight)
Higher TOM:
V mu = Min unstick speed increase
Stalling speed higher
Gliding speed increase, gliding range unaffected
Fuel flow increase
Stick force increase
AOA increase
Drag increase
Landing distance increased
Manoeuvrability decrease
Range decrease
Rate of climb decrease
Safety margin reduced
CG:
Elevator & tailplane effectiveness in all flight conditions most likely to affect range & CG position
CG neutral:
CG aft located at CP
CG forward:
Stability increase
Stall speed increase
Stick force increase
Range decrease
Absolute ceiling decrease
Rate of climb decrease
Lower mileage
Moment arm longer = fuel consumption increase
Too fwd:
- Difficulty/inability to flare, nose wheel touch-down
- Require nose trim which increases fuel consumption
- Insufficient aft pitch control
CG aft:
Reduction in power for a given speed
Longitudinal static stability decrease
Less drag
Increased cruise range
Fuel consumption decreased
Determines minimum control speed V MCG
Too aft:
- Difficulty/inability to recover from a spin
- Degradation/loss of nose wheel steering (weight on nose wheel decreased = reduced efficiency)
Extending landing gears:
Extend/retract forwards: CG moves fwd
Extend/retract rearwards: CG is aft
Contingency & reserve fuel: Used in “unforeseen circumstances”
Fly regulated TOM with both full traffic & fuel load: Some aircraft in some cases
Traffic load: Can be limited by the desired range (Short or long flight)
Fuel volume conversion: Done using standard fuel density values in operations manual
