Blueprint (NUR 239) Exam 2025 With
100% Correct Answers
What are some (cardinal) signs of local inflammation? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Rubor (redness),
tumor (swelling), calor (heat), (dolor) pain at site, loss of function
What happens to pulse and respirations when temperature increases? - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔Pulse and respirations will increase
Describe the vascular stage of acute inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Begins with
vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation where pores open up and toxins are diluted causing
heat and redness, increased permeability, WBCs need to get to area and there are histamines,
bradykin, prostaglandins, also fibrin helps form a clot
Describe the cellular stages of acute inflammation? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Endothelial cell
activation, margination (accumulation of WBCs), adhesion of WBCs to endothelium,
transmigration of WBCs across endothelium, chemotaxis (cell migration), activation and
phagocytosis (WBCs engulfs agent)
Describe serous exudate*** - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Watery and thin, plasma fluid, low in
protein, almost clear
Define opsonization of microbes - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Coating antigen with antibodies makes
recognition by neutrophils easier
Describe hemorrhagic exudate - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔RBCs, severe injury, also call it
sanguineous, kind of bloody
,Describe fibrinous exudate - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Fibrogen, thick and sticky, usually something
in the throat area
Describe membranous or pseudomembranous exudate - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔On mucous
membranes, necrotic cells, fibrin and purulent exudate
Describe purulent/suppurative exudate*** - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Pus, degraded WBCs,
proteins, debris
Describe acute inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Self-limited and short in duration
(physiologic); rapid onset, solves on its own, can occur with chronic inflammation, goes through
vascular and cellular stage, exudate of fluid and plasma components
Describe chronic inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Pathologic; longer duration, presence of
lymphocytes and macrophages, proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis, and tissue necrosis
What are the signs and symptoms of systemic inflammatory response? - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔Fever (pyrexia), increased neutrophils (leukocytosis >10,000 cells/mL), fatigue,
malaise, anorexia, increased heart rate
What is primary intention wound healing? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Wound edges held together,
granulation tissue grows across, clean wound that can be closed, less scar tissue, sutured closed
incision, small cut, puncture wounds
What is secondary intention wound healing? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Wound left open, greater
loss of tissue, contamination, necrotic debris, exudate, fills with granulation tissue from sides
and bottom, slower process, more scar tissue, infected wounds, burns, trauma, pressure injuries
(ulcers)
, Define the inflammatory phase of wound healing - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Starts with injury and
lasts 2 - 5 days, vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation, platelet aggregation with fibrin
deposits form clots, phagocytosis (neutrophils and macrophages)
Define the proliferation phase of wound healing - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔2 days - 3 weeks,
granulation tissue forms, wound begins to pull together, new epithelial cells cover moist wound
surfaces in all directions (covers defect)
Define the remodeling phase of wound healing - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔3 weeks to 6 months or
longer, collagen formed and removed to increase strength of wound, scar tissue does not have
function of original tissue and not as strong
What is an abscess? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Localized area of inflammation that contains
purulent exudate (pus), neutrophil layer, fibroblasts wall off area, antibiotics cannot penetrate
this layer, need to be surgically removed
What is an ulceration? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Inflammation in epithelial layer (usually skin or
GI tissue- like the lining of the stomach, necrotic, eroded), ex. vascular disease- diabetic foot
ulcer, trauma to epithelial layer- peptic ulcer
What is a keloid? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Abnormality in healing; change in type of tissue in
healing, tumor-like masses caused by excess production of thick collagen scar tissue, common
areas- earlobes, arms, pelvic area, collar bone, chest, ex. ear piercing, acne, scratch, burns,
wounds, can be painful, itchy
What is a granuloma? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔A hunk of tissue that has been chronically
inflamed & is now essentially just scar tissue, you can see necrosis in the center
What are some factors that affect wound healing? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Malnutrition, blood
flow and oxygen delivery, impaired inflammatory and immune responses, infection and wound
separation, bite wounds
100% Correct Answers
What are some (cardinal) signs of local inflammation? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Rubor (redness),
tumor (swelling), calor (heat), (dolor) pain at site, loss of function
What happens to pulse and respirations when temperature increases? - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔Pulse and respirations will increase
Describe the vascular stage of acute inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Begins with
vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation where pores open up and toxins are diluted causing
heat and redness, increased permeability, WBCs need to get to area and there are histamines,
bradykin, prostaglandins, also fibrin helps form a clot
Describe the cellular stages of acute inflammation? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Endothelial cell
activation, margination (accumulation of WBCs), adhesion of WBCs to endothelium,
transmigration of WBCs across endothelium, chemotaxis (cell migration), activation and
phagocytosis (WBCs engulfs agent)
Describe serous exudate*** - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Watery and thin, plasma fluid, low in
protein, almost clear
Define opsonization of microbes - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Coating antigen with antibodies makes
recognition by neutrophils easier
Describe hemorrhagic exudate - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔RBCs, severe injury, also call it
sanguineous, kind of bloody
,Describe fibrinous exudate - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Fibrogen, thick and sticky, usually something
in the throat area
Describe membranous or pseudomembranous exudate - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔On mucous
membranes, necrotic cells, fibrin and purulent exudate
Describe purulent/suppurative exudate*** - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Pus, degraded WBCs,
proteins, debris
Describe acute inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Self-limited and short in duration
(physiologic); rapid onset, solves on its own, can occur with chronic inflammation, goes through
vascular and cellular stage, exudate of fluid and plasma components
Describe chronic inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Pathologic; longer duration, presence of
lymphocytes and macrophages, proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis, and tissue necrosis
What are the signs and symptoms of systemic inflammatory response? - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔Fever (pyrexia), increased neutrophils (leukocytosis >10,000 cells/mL), fatigue,
malaise, anorexia, increased heart rate
What is primary intention wound healing? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Wound edges held together,
granulation tissue grows across, clean wound that can be closed, less scar tissue, sutured closed
incision, small cut, puncture wounds
What is secondary intention wound healing? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Wound left open, greater
loss of tissue, contamination, necrotic debris, exudate, fills with granulation tissue from sides
and bottom, slower process, more scar tissue, infected wounds, burns, trauma, pressure injuries
(ulcers)
, Define the inflammatory phase of wound healing - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Starts with injury and
lasts 2 - 5 days, vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation, platelet aggregation with fibrin
deposits form clots, phagocytosis (neutrophils and macrophages)
Define the proliferation phase of wound healing - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔2 days - 3 weeks,
granulation tissue forms, wound begins to pull together, new epithelial cells cover moist wound
surfaces in all directions (covers defect)
Define the remodeling phase of wound healing - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔3 weeks to 6 months or
longer, collagen formed and removed to increase strength of wound, scar tissue does not have
function of original tissue and not as strong
What is an abscess? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Localized area of inflammation that contains
purulent exudate (pus), neutrophil layer, fibroblasts wall off area, antibiotics cannot penetrate
this layer, need to be surgically removed
What is an ulceration? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Inflammation in epithelial layer (usually skin or
GI tissue- like the lining of the stomach, necrotic, eroded), ex. vascular disease- diabetic foot
ulcer, trauma to epithelial layer- peptic ulcer
What is a keloid? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Abnormality in healing; change in type of tissue in
healing, tumor-like masses caused by excess production of thick collagen scar tissue, common
areas- earlobes, arms, pelvic area, collar bone, chest, ex. ear piercing, acne, scratch, burns,
wounds, can be painful, itchy
What is a granuloma? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔A hunk of tissue that has been chronically
inflamed & is now essentially just scar tissue, you can see necrosis in the center
What are some factors that affect wound healing? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Malnutrition, blood
flow and oxygen delivery, impaired inflammatory and immune responses, infection and wound
separation, bite wounds
