INTRODUCTORY CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY EXAM (2025/2026) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Bacteriostatic - they slow or retard the multiplication of bacteria bactericidal - kills bacteria antiviral drugs - Work by reducing virus's ability to reproduce/replicate by targeting events in the replication cycle Sulfonamides - (commonly called sulfa drugs) are antibacterial agents, meaning they are active against bacteria. Sulfadiazine and sulfamethizole are examples of sulfonamide preparations. •Sulfadiazine •Sulfasalazine •Sulfisoxazole •Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) •Mafedidine (sulfamylon) •Silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) Uses of Sulfonamides - Urinary tract infections (UTIs). Acute otitis media. Ulcerative colitis. Bacterial skin and eye infections. Mafenide (Sulfamylon) and silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) are topical sulfonamides used in the treatment and prevention of infections in second- and third-degree burns. STI pneumonia trachoma Adverse reaction of sulfonamides - Anorexia, Gastrointestinal System (Nausea, vomiting, Diarrhea, abdominal pain, Stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth), other reactions (urticaria (hives), pruritus (itching), generalized skin eruptions, or severe reactions leading to potentially lethal conditions such as toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) or Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS). Sulfonamide Interactions : Interactant Drug - Oral anticoagulants Methotrexate (Rheumatrex) Oral diabetic medications Antacids SulfonamideInteractions : Effect of Interaction - Increased action of the anticoagulant Increased bone marrow suppression Decreased blood glucose Decreased effect of antibiotic Contraindications of sulfonamide - are contraindicated in clients with hypersensitivity to the sulfonamides, during lactation, and in children younger than 2 years. The sulfonamides are not used near the end (at term) of pregnancy. Precaution of use sulfonamide - The sulfonamides are used with caution in clients with renal impairment, hepatic impairment, or bronchial asthma. These drugs are given with caution to clients with allergies. When used in pregnant women to treat Toxoplasmosis gondii infections, be aware the drug can cross the placenta. Penicillin - bactericidal, inhibits the enzyme in cell wall synthesis. indications of penicillins - •Used against infectious diseases •Used as initial therapy for any suspected staphylococcal infection •Prescribed as prophylaxis •Urinary tract infections (UTIs) •Septicemia •Meningitis •Intra-abdominal infections •Sexually transmitted infections (syphilis) •Pneumonia and other respiratory infections •Soft tissue infections and injuries