ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
VOLUME – I
(ENGLISH)
CONTENTS
• NOMENCLATURE 2
• GOC 39
• ISOMERISM 75
• HYDROCARBON 111
• ALKYL HALIDE 175
, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS - INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Cyclic
Open Chain (Aliphatic)
Saturated Unsaturated Homocyclic Heterocyclic
Benzenoid
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Alicyclic Aromatic
(containing (containing (containing Non benzenoid
single bond) double bond) triple bond)
ALIPHATIC OR OPEN CHAIN COMPOUNDS :–
Are those compounds in which first & last carbon atoms are not connected with each other.
Branched or unbranched chains are possible in these compounds.
For example :-
C
|
C– C– C– C , C–C–C C–C–C–C,
| |
C C
(unbranched) (branched)
There are two varieties in these compounds -
(1) Saturated Hydrocarbons :–
(a) In such type, adjacent carbons are attached with single bonds.
example - CH3 – CH2 – CH3
(b) General formula of these compounds is CnH2n + 2 .
(c) These are also called as paraffins (Parum + Affinis i.e. little reactivity) because these are
less reactive due to absence of – bonds.
(2) Unsaturated Hydrocarbons : –
(a) There will be a double bond or a triple bond between any two carbon atoms,
Exmaple: CH2 = CH – CH3 (Propene), CH C – CH3 (Propyne)
(b) Gen. formula is CnH2n or CnH2n – 2 .
(c) Alkenes are also called as olefins because they reacts with halogens to form oily substances
olefins (Oleum + fines i.e. Oil forming).
(d) Due to presence of bonds these are more reactive.
NOMENCLATURE [2]
,CLOSED CHAIN COMPOUNDS :
In these compounds first & last carbons are attached with each other.
Example:- Cyclopropane
These are of two types
(1) Homocyclic compounds :
These are the compounds in which the complete ring is formed by carbon atoms only. These
are also of two types
(a) Alicyclic compounds :
These are the compounds having the properties like aliphatic compounds. These may be
saturated or unsaturated like aliphatic compounds.
Exmple:- Cyclopropane, Cyclopropene, Cyclobutene
(b) Aromatic compounds :
These compounds consist of at least one benzene ring i.e. a six-membered carbcyclic ring
having alternate single and double bonds. These compounds have some fragrant odour and
hence, named as aromatic (greek word aroma means sweet smell)
Example: Benzene Toluene Styrene
(2) Heterocyclic Compounds : –
These are cyclic compounds having ring or rings built up of more than one kind of atoms.
Furan Thiophene
WRITING OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS STRUCTURE
(1) Structural formula: The structural formula is more informative as it shows the arrangement of
various atoms in a molecule. A single covalent bond is shown as a line (–) joining the two atoms.
Double line (=) represents a double bond while triple line ()a triple bond.
H H
H C C H
C 2H 6
Molecular H H
formula Structural formula
Ethane
(2) Condensed formula: Condensed formula is a short hand method of representing the structural
formula. In a condensed formula, all atoms bonded to a carbon atom are written after ‘C’ in the
same line but their bonds are not shown. The atoms or groups other than hydrogen are written
after the hydrogen atom. in a condensed structural formula double and triple bonds are shown by double
line (=) and triple line () respectively.
NOMENCLATURE [3]
, Compound Molecular formula Structural formula Condensed formula
H H
Ethane (C2H6) H C C H CH3CH3
H H
H
C
HC CH
Benzene (C6H6) CH
HC
C
H
Classification of carbon and hydrogen of an organic compound
Carbon and hydrogen atoms of an organic compound may be classified in two ways:
* First classification : First classification depends on the mode of arrangement of carbon atoms
in a chain. According to this classification we get four types of carbon atoms and three types of
hydrogen atoms. These are:
(i) Primary carbon or 1°C : A carbon atom attached to one (or no) other carbon atom then it
called as primary carbon.
(ii) Secondary carbon or 2° C : If in a carbon chain a carbon is bonded to two other carbon
atoms, then it is known as secondary carbon.
(iii) Tertiary carbon or 3°C : If in a carbon chain a carbon is bonded to three other carbon atoms,
then it is known as tertiary carbon.
(iv) Quarternary carbon or 4°C : If in a carbon chain a carbon is bonded to four other carbon
atoms, then it is known as quaternary carbon.
The hydrogen atoms present on primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms are said to be primary,
secondary and tertiary hydrogen atoms respectively. Quarternary carbon has no hydrogen.
1° 1°
1°
H H CH3 CH3
H — C — C — C — C — CH3
H H H CH3
1° 2° 3° 4°
1°
Functional Group :
A functional group is an atom or group of atoms present in a molecule that gives the molecule its
characteristic chemical properties.
NOMENCLATURE [4]
VOLUME – I
(ENGLISH)
CONTENTS
• NOMENCLATURE 2
• GOC 39
• ISOMERISM 75
• HYDROCARBON 111
• ALKYL HALIDE 175
, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS - INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Cyclic
Open Chain (Aliphatic)
Saturated Unsaturated Homocyclic Heterocyclic
Benzenoid
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Alicyclic Aromatic
(containing (containing (containing Non benzenoid
single bond) double bond) triple bond)
ALIPHATIC OR OPEN CHAIN COMPOUNDS :–
Are those compounds in which first & last carbon atoms are not connected with each other.
Branched or unbranched chains are possible in these compounds.
For example :-
C
|
C– C– C– C , C–C–C C–C–C–C,
| |
C C
(unbranched) (branched)
There are two varieties in these compounds -
(1) Saturated Hydrocarbons :–
(a) In such type, adjacent carbons are attached with single bonds.
example - CH3 – CH2 – CH3
(b) General formula of these compounds is CnH2n + 2 .
(c) These are also called as paraffins (Parum + Affinis i.e. little reactivity) because these are
less reactive due to absence of – bonds.
(2) Unsaturated Hydrocarbons : –
(a) There will be a double bond or a triple bond between any two carbon atoms,
Exmaple: CH2 = CH – CH3 (Propene), CH C – CH3 (Propyne)
(b) Gen. formula is CnH2n or CnH2n – 2 .
(c) Alkenes are also called as olefins because they reacts with halogens to form oily substances
olefins (Oleum + fines i.e. Oil forming).
(d) Due to presence of bonds these are more reactive.
NOMENCLATURE [2]
,CLOSED CHAIN COMPOUNDS :
In these compounds first & last carbons are attached with each other.
Example:- Cyclopropane
These are of two types
(1) Homocyclic compounds :
These are the compounds in which the complete ring is formed by carbon atoms only. These
are also of two types
(a) Alicyclic compounds :
These are the compounds having the properties like aliphatic compounds. These may be
saturated or unsaturated like aliphatic compounds.
Exmple:- Cyclopropane, Cyclopropene, Cyclobutene
(b) Aromatic compounds :
These compounds consist of at least one benzene ring i.e. a six-membered carbcyclic ring
having alternate single and double bonds. These compounds have some fragrant odour and
hence, named as aromatic (greek word aroma means sweet smell)
Example: Benzene Toluene Styrene
(2) Heterocyclic Compounds : –
These are cyclic compounds having ring or rings built up of more than one kind of atoms.
Furan Thiophene
WRITING OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS STRUCTURE
(1) Structural formula: The structural formula is more informative as it shows the arrangement of
various atoms in a molecule. A single covalent bond is shown as a line (–) joining the two atoms.
Double line (=) represents a double bond while triple line ()a triple bond.
H H
H C C H
C 2H 6
Molecular H H
formula Structural formula
Ethane
(2) Condensed formula: Condensed formula is a short hand method of representing the structural
formula. In a condensed formula, all atoms bonded to a carbon atom are written after ‘C’ in the
same line but their bonds are not shown. The atoms or groups other than hydrogen are written
after the hydrogen atom. in a condensed structural formula double and triple bonds are shown by double
line (=) and triple line () respectively.
NOMENCLATURE [3]
, Compound Molecular formula Structural formula Condensed formula
H H
Ethane (C2H6) H C C H CH3CH3
H H
H
C
HC CH
Benzene (C6H6) CH
HC
C
H
Classification of carbon and hydrogen of an organic compound
Carbon and hydrogen atoms of an organic compound may be classified in two ways:
* First classification : First classification depends on the mode of arrangement of carbon atoms
in a chain. According to this classification we get four types of carbon atoms and three types of
hydrogen atoms. These are:
(i) Primary carbon or 1°C : A carbon atom attached to one (or no) other carbon atom then it
called as primary carbon.
(ii) Secondary carbon or 2° C : If in a carbon chain a carbon is bonded to two other carbon
atoms, then it is known as secondary carbon.
(iii) Tertiary carbon or 3°C : If in a carbon chain a carbon is bonded to three other carbon atoms,
then it is known as tertiary carbon.
(iv) Quarternary carbon or 4°C : If in a carbon chain a carbon is bonded to four other carbon
atoms, then it is known as quaternary carbon.
The hydrogen atoms present on primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms are said to be primary,
secondary and tertiary hydrogen atoms respectively. Quarternary carbon has no hydrogen.
1° 1°
1°
H H CH3 CH3
H — C — C — C — C — CH3
H H H CH3
1° 2° 3° 4°
1°
Functional Group :
A functional group is an atom or group of atoms present in a molecule that gives the molecule its
characteristic chemical properties.
NOMENCLATURE [4]
