BIPN 100 Final questions with verified
answers graded A+ already passed
What is the purpose of an EKG or ECG? How is one recoded? Explain where lead I, II, and III are
located? - correct answer ✔✔an extracellular recording that reflects the electrical activity of
cardiac contractile cells
- recorded from limb or frontal lead to cheat leads
- Lead I is from positive left arm to negative right arm
- lead II is from negative right hand to positive left leg
- lead II is from positive left leg to negative left arm
In an electro-diagram, the last cells to depolarize are also the first ones to what? - correct
answer ✔✔- first ones to re-polarize but re-polarization is slow `
What are the locations of V1, V2, V4, and V6 of chest leads? - correct answer ✔✔V1 is ICS4
Right Sternal Border (ICS: Intercostal space)
V2 is ICS4L
V4 is ICS5 MCL (mid-clavicular line)
V6 is ICS5 below armpit
How does one interpret an ECG? Explain upward, downward, and no deflection. - correct
answer ✔✔(1) If an upward deflection on an ECG means the current flow vector is toward the
positive electrode
(2) If a downward deflection means the current flow vector is toward the negative electrode
(3) A vector that is perpendicular to the axis of the electrode causes no deflection (baseline)
thus isoelectric
,Explain the subunits of an ECG. Hint: Start at P Wave... - correct answer ✔✔(1) P Wave: atrial
depolarization
(2) P-Q or P-R segment: conductive through AV node and AV Bundle (a delay to ensure atrial
contraction is finished before ventricular contraction) ATRIAL CONTRACTION
(3) Q Wave: depolarization moving away from (+) electrode thus inversion
(4) R Wave: depolarization of contractile cells of ventricle thus big bc moving towards (+)
electrode
(5) S Wave: away (+) electrode thus inverted like Q
(6) S-T Segment: Ventricular Contraction
(7) T-Wave: ventricular re-polarization
(8) Ventricular Relaxation
Explain a sinus rhythm and give examples of two. - correct answer ✔✔normal sinus rhythm 60-
100 bpm
Sinus Tachycardia: heart rate is above 100 bpm
Sinus Bradycardia: heart rate is below 60 bpm
Explain fibrillation. Give two examples. - correct answer ✔✔- cells or groups of cells fire
individually
- no coordination of chamber contraction
(1) Atrial Fibrillation: atria not contracting right thus affecting ventricular filling and causes a risk
for blood clots
(2) Ventricular fibrillation: Ventricles not contracting efficiently thus affecting blood pressure
and is life threatening
Explain the 3 Types of Arrhythmias. 1st Degree, 2nd Degree, and 3rd Degree. - correct answer
✔✔(1) 1st Degree AV Blocks: prolonged PR interval longer
(2) 2nd Degree AV Block: intermittent conduction through the AV node thus no QRS complex
after some P waves 2:1 ratio where atrial rate is 100 bpm and ventricular rate is 50 bpm
, (3) 3rd Degree AV Block: no conduction through the AV node thus P Waves and QRS are
independent
What is the difference between end diastolic volume and end systolic volume. Explain the
components involved. - correct answer ✔✔(1) End Diastolic Volume is the max amount of blood
in ventricle in a cardiac cycle
(2) End Systolic Volume is the volume of blood at end of systole thus min amount of blood in
ventricle in one cardiac cycle
Explain the following points of a Pressure-Volume Curve. (1) A-A' (2)B (3)C (4) B-C (5) D and (6)
C-D - correct answer ✔✔(1) START thus passive ventricular filling phase
(2) EDV (max amount of blood in ventricle in one cardiac cycle
(3)/(4) Isovolumic contraction thus same blood but tension is building due to ventricle preparing
to contract
(5) ESV (min amount of blood in ventricle/volume of blood at end of systole
(6) isovolumic relaxation phase, closed chamber so same volume but lowering pressure
What is stroke volume? - correct answer ✔✔the amount of blood pumped by one ventricle
during a contraction (ml/beat)
EDV-ESV=SV (about 70ml/beat in human)
Explain the reason for the creation of heart sounds. - correct answer ✔✔(1) The first heart
sound (S1) is due to vibrations following the closures of the AV valves (mitral + tricuspid) thud
Lub (1)
(2) Second heart sound (S2) is due to vibrations generated by closing off the semilunar valves
(aortic + pulmonary) thud dup
What is the pre-load + after-load of a cardiac cycle. - correct answer ✔✔(1) Pre-load is EDV (end
diastolic volume) causing the ventricle to stretch to conform to blood entering from atria
answers graded A+ already passed
What is the purpose of an EKG or ECG? How is one recoded? Explain where lead I, II, and III are
located? - correct answer ✔✔an extracellular recording that reflects the electrical activity of
cardiac contractile cells
- recorded from limb or frontal lead to cheat leads
- Lead I is from positive left arm to negative right arm
- lead II is from negative right hand to positive left leg
- lead II is from positive left leg to negative left arm
In an electro-diagram, the last cells to depolarize are also the first ones to what? - correct
answer ✔✔- first ones to re-polarize but re-polarization is slow `
What are the locations of V1, V2, V4, and V6 of chest leads? - correct answer ✔✔V1 is ICS4
Right Sternal Border (ICS: Intercostal space)
V2 is ICS4L
V4 is ICS5 MCL (mid-clavicular line)
V6 is ICS5 below armpit
How does one interpret an ECG? Explain upward, downward, and no deflection. - correct
answer ✔✔(1) If an upward deflection on an ECG means the current flow vector is toward the
positive electrode
(2) If a downward deflection means the current flow vector is toward the negative electrode
(3) A vector that is perpendicular to the axis of the electrode causes no deflection (baseline)
thus isoelectric
,Explain the subunits of an ECG. Hint: Start at P Wave... - correct answer ✔✔(1) P Wave: atrial
depolarization
(2) P-Q or P-R segment: conductive through AV node and AV Bundle (a delay to ensure atrial
contraction is finished before ventricular contraction) ATRIAL CONTRACTION
(3) Q Wave: depolarization moving away from (+) electrode thus inversion
(4) R Wave: depolarization of contractile cells of ventricle thus big bc moving towards (+)
electrode
(5) S Wave: away (+) electrode thus inverted like Q
(6) S-T Segment: Ventricular Contraction
(7) T-Wave: ventricular re-polarization
(8) Ventricular Relaxation
Explain a sinus rhythm and give examples of two. - correct answer ✔✔normal sinus rhythm 60-
100 bpm
Sinus Tachycardia: heart rate is above 100 bpm
Sinus Bradycardia: heart rate is below 60 bpm
Explain fibrillation. Give two examples. - correct answer ✔✔- cells or groups of cells fire
individually
- no coordination of chamber contraction
(1) Atrial Fibrillation: atria not contracting right thus affecting ventricular filling and causes a risk
for blood clots
(2) Ventricular fibrillation: Ventricles not contracting efficiently thus affecting blood pressure
and is life threatening
Explain the 3 Types of Arrhythmias. 1st Degree, 2nd Degree, and 3rd Degree. - correct answer
✔✔(1) 1st Degree AV Blocks: prolonged PR interval longer
(2) 2nd Degree AV Block: intermittent conduction through the AV node thus no QRS complex
after some P waves 2:1 ratio where atrial rate is 100 bpm and ventricular rate is 50 bpm
, (3) 3rd Degree AV Block: no conduction through the AV node thus P Waves and QRS are
independent
What is the difference between end diastolic volume and end systolic volume. Explain the
components involved. - correct answer ✔✔(1) End Diastolic Volume is the max amount of blood
in ventricle in a cardiac cycle
(2) End Systolic Volume is the volume of blood at end of systole thus min amount of blood in
ventricle in one cardiac cycle
Explain the following points of a Pressure-Volume Curve. (1) A-A' (2)B (3)C (4) B-C (5) D and (6)
C-D - correct answer ✔✔(1) START thus passive ventricular filling phase
(2) EDV (max amount of blood in ventricle in one cardiac cycle
(3)/(4) Isovolumic contraction thus same blood but tension is building due to ventricle preparing
to contract
(5) ESV (min amount of blood in ventricle/volume of blood at end of systole
(6) isovolumic relaxation phase, closed chamber so same volume but lowering pressure
What is stroke volume? - correct answer ✔✔the amount of blood pumped by one ventricle
during a contraction (ml/beat)
EDV-ESV=SV (about 70ml/beat in human)
Explain the reason for the creation of heart sounds. - correct answer ✔✔(1) The first heart
sound (S1) is due to vibrations following the closures of the AV valves (mitral + tricuspid) thud
Lub (1)
(2) Second heart sound (S2) is due to vibrations generated by closing off the semilunar valves
(aortic + pulmonary) thud dup
What is the pre-load + after-load of a cardiac cycle. - correct answer ✔✔(1) Pre-load is EDV (end
diastolic volume) causing the ventricle to stretch to conform to blood entering from atria
