GEOL 11: PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY 2nd Year
1st Sem
LESSON 2: The Universe and the Earth S.Y 2023 - 2024
-If the universe is still expanding at this size
THE FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH (figure at the right), meaning it was half the
current size (figure at the left)
The Singularity
-An infinitely small region of space with zero
Evidences
volume and no dimensions
-The Big Bang theory was first proposed by
-State of the universe before the Big Bang
Georges Lemaitre in the 1920s
-May be tempting to imagine it as tiny ticking
-Was not taken seriously until
time bomb hanging around in a dark world
● Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
● But there was no “around” around it
(CMB)
● There was no “before” before it
○ This radiation was produced by the
● It simply “was”
Big Bang itself
○ Lingering radiation
● Abundance of primordial elements
THE BIG BANG THEORY
○ Hydrogen and Helium
● Hubble’s Law
○ Edwin Hubble observed a
“redshift” in 1929
-Today the diameter of the observable universe is
estimated to be 28 billion parsecs (about 93 billion
light-years). ● Red = longest wavelength
● This diameter is increasing at a rate of ● Stars, as they move away,
about 1.96 million km/s. Which is about 6.5 produce red hue
times faster than the speed of light in ● Redder in color
empty space. ● If the universe is expanding, it must’ve
● He age of this huge universe is estimated been smaller in the past
as 13.72 billion years since the Big Bang,
with an uncertainty of about 120 million
years THE NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS
● 1 light-year = 9.4607 x 10^15 m
, GEOL 11: PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY 2nd Year
1st Sem
LESSON 2: The Universe and the Earth S.Y 2023 - 2024
-They’re all in the same plane. They’re all going Frost line
around in the same direction… It's perfect, you -Inner or terrestrial planets
know, It’s gorgeous. It’s almost uncanny ● Nearest the sun
● Astronomer Geoffrey Marcy describing the ● Rocky composition
solar system ○ Largely silicate rocks and metals
-States: (Si, Fe, O)
● Proposed by Immanuel Kant and Pierre -Giant or Jovian planets
Simon de Laplace in the 18th century ● Outer planets / far from the sun)
● Rotating gas-duct cloud began to contract ● Lack solid surfaces
due to gravity. Most of the mass became ○ In gaseous or liquid form
concentrated at the center, forming the ● Composition
sun ○ Light elements (H, He, Ar, C, O , N)
● Remaining matter condensed to form the ● Solar system is still young, planets are still
planets atmosphere, there are primordial gasses
○ Terrestrial and Jovian ● Solar winds from Protosun (baby sun) will
blow them away
Nucleosynthesis ○ Primordial gasses from the inner
-Formation of new elements due to fusion in the gets blown away to the outer
Sun and other stars ○ Rocks are the ones left
● Hydrogen and Helium from Terrestrial
planets gets blown to the Jovian planets
○ Heavier elements stay
Solar System by Mass
Object % of Mass
The Sun is a 2nd or 3rd generation star Supernova
Sun 99.85
Diagram of Red-Giant star Jupiter 0.10
-Mainly composed of light elements
● Hydrogen and Helium All other planets 0.04
-As they fuse together, they make heavier and
Comets 0.04
heavier elements
● Nitrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Silicon, Satellites and Rings 0.00
Magnesium
-If all light elements are all gone, the heavier Asteroids 0.00
elements will be the one to be fused
● Heavier and heavier will lead to implosion Meteoroids and Dust 0.0000001
○ Will lead to a supernova
Solar System by size
Terrestrial planets
-Mercury < Mars < Venus < Earth
Gas giants
-Neptune < Uranus < Saturn < Jupiter
1st Sem
LESSON 2: The Universe and the Earth S.Y 2023 - 2024
-If the universe is still expanding at this size
THE FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH (figure at the right), meaning it was half the
current size (figure at the left)
The Singularity
-An infinitely small region of space with zero
Evidences
volume and no dimensions
-The Big Bang theory was first proposed by
-State of the universe before the Big Bang
Georges Lemaitre in the 1920s
-May be tempting to imagine it as tiny ticking
-Was not taken seriously until
time bomb hanging around in a dark world
● Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
● But there was no “around” around it
(CMB)
● There was no “before” before it
○ This radiation was produced by the
● It simply “was”
Big Bang itself
○ Lingering radiation
● Abundance of primordial elements
THE BIG BANG THEORY
○ Hydrogen and Helium
● Hubble’s Law
○ Edwin Hubble observed a
“redshift” in 1929
-Today the diameter of the observable universe is
estimated to be 28 billion parsecs (about 93 billion
light-years). ● Red = longest wavelength
● This diameter is increasing at a rate of ● Stars, as they move away,
about 1.96 million km/s. Which is about 6.5 produce red hue
times faster than the speed of light in ● Redder in color
empty space. ● If the universe is expanding, it must’ve
● He age of this huge universe is estimated been smaller in the past
as 13.72 billion years since the Big Bang,
with an uncertainty of about 120 million
years THE NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS
● 1 light-year = 9.4607 x 10^15 m
, GEOL 11: PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY 2nd Year
1st Sem
LESSON 2: The Universe and the Earth S.Y 2023 - 2024
-They’re all in the same plane. They’re all going Frost line
around in the same direction… It's perfect, you -Inner or terrestrial planets
know, It’s gorgeous. It’s almost uncanny ● Nearest the sun
● Astronomer Geoffrey Marcy describing the ● Rocky composition
solar system ○ Largely silicate rocks and metals
-States: (Si, Fe, O)
● Proposed by Immanuel Kant and Pierre -Giant or Jovian planets
Simon de Laplace in the 18th century ● Outer planets / far from the sun)
● Rotating gas-duct cloud began to contract ● Lack solid surfaces
due to gravity. Most of the mass became ○ In gaseous or liquid form
concentrated at the center, forming the ● Composition
sun ○ Light elements (H, He, Ar, C, O , N)
● Remaining matter condensed to form the ● Solar system is still young, planets are still
planets atmosphere, there are primordial gasses
○ Terrestrial and Jovian ● Solar winds from Protosun (baby sun) will
blow them away
Nucleosynthesis ○ Primordial gasses from the inner
-Formation of new elements due to fusion in the gets blown away to the outer
Sun and other stars ○ Rocks are the ones left
● Hydrogen and Helium from Terrestrial
planets gets blown to the Jovian planets
○ Heavier elements stay
Solar System by Mass
Object % of Mass
The Sun is a 2nd or 3rd generation star Supernova
Sun 99.85
Diagram of Red-Giant star Jupiter 0.10
-Mainly composed of light elements
● Hydrogen and Helium All other planets 0.04
-As they fuse together, they make heavier and
Comets 0.04
heavier elements
● Nitrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Silicon, Satellites and Rings 0.00
Magnesium
-If all light elements are all gone, the heavier Asteroids 0.00
elements will be the one to be fused
● Heavier and heavier will lead to implosion Meteoroids and Dust 0.0000001
○ Will lead to a supernova
Solar System by size
Terrestrial planets
-Mercury < Mars < Venus < Earth
Gas giants
-Neptune < Uranus < Saturn < Jupiter
