Bio 151 Lab Exam 1 with Correct
Answers 2025
Biological nomenclature <correct answer>developed by Carolus Linnaeus
Species name <correct answer>Genus plus specific epithet; always italicized or
underlined
Genus <correct answer>always capitalized
Species epithet <correct answer>always in lower case
Domains of Biology <correct answer>Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Phylogenetic trees <correct answer>illustrate evolutionary relationships; are
hypotheses; all taxa under consideration must be represented
Hypotheses <correct answer>Must be testable and falsifiable; May change or be
modified in light of new data
Outgroup <correct answer>a taxon that diverged prior to the taxa that are the focus of
the study; helps to root the tree
Resolved node <correct answer>end of a branch
Unresolved node <correct answer>a node that depicts an ancestral branch dividing into
3 or more (rather than 2) descendant branches
Synapomorphy <correct answer>a shared, derived trait
Sister taxa <correct answer>any taxa derived from a common ancestral node
Monophyletic group <correct answer>all taxa within the group are more closely related
to each other than any of them are to any other species in a different group; includes
the most recent common ancestor of the entire group and all descendants of that
ancestor
, Paraphyletic group <correct answer>Contains taxa that are more closely related to taxa
within other groups than they are to taxa within their own group; Does not include all
descendants of a most recent common ancestor
Polyphyletic group <correct answer>A grouping of organisms that do not share a most
recent common ancestor (e.g. warm blooded animals)
Homology <correct answer>Common ancestor shares trait with descendant taxa;
Homologous structures
Homoplasy <correct answer>Result of convergent evolution; trait arises independently;
Analogous structures
Parsimony <correct answer>minimizing change and complexity in a phylogenetic tree;
make the distinction between homology and homoplasy
Prokaryotic <correct answer>Domain Bacteria and Archaea
Relations in Domains <correct answer>Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related
because of histone proteins
Prokaryotic cells <correct answer>generally smaller than eukaryotic cells; lack a
membrane bound nuclear compartment
Domain Archaea <correct answer>Originally termed "extremophiles"; Rapid progress in
classification over past 10 yrs; Many are found in 'normal' habitats
Bacterial Diversity <correct answer>Firmicutes; Spirochaetes; Actinobacteria;
Cyanobacteria; Proteobacteria
Prokaryotic cell morphology <correct answer>important tool in identification of
prokaryotes: Cellular shape; Cellular arrangement
Coccus <correct answer>
Bacillus <correct answer>
Spirillum <correct answer>
Diplo- <correct answer>
Answers 2025
Biological nomenclature <correct answer>developed by Carolus Linnaeus
Species name <correct answer>Genus plus specific epithet; always italicized or
underlined
Genus <correct answer>always capitalized
Species epithet <correct answer>always in lower case
Domains of Biology <correct answer>Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Phylogenetic trees <correct answer>illustrate evolutionary relationships; are
hypotheses; all taxa under consideration must be represented
Hypotheses <correct answer>Must be testable and falsifiable; May change or be
modified in light of new data
Outgroup <correct answer>a taxon that diverged prior to the taxa that are the focus of
the study; helps to root the tree
Resolved node <correct answer>end of a branch
Unresolved node <correct answer>a node that depicts an ancestral branch dividing into
3 or more (rather than 2) descendant branches
Synapomorphy <correct answer>a shared, derived trait
Sister taxa <correct answer>any taxa derived from a common ancestral node
Monophyletic group <correct answer>all taxa within the group are more closely related
to each other than any of them are to any other species in a different group; includes
the most recent common ancestor of the entire group and all descendants of that
ancestor
, Paraphyletic group <correct answer>Contains taxa that are more closely related to taxa
within other groups than they are to taxa within their own group; Does not include all
descendants of a most recent common ancestor
Polyphyletic group <correct answer>A grouping of organisms that do not share a most
recent common ancestor (e.g. warm blooded animals)
Homology <correct answer>Common ancestor shares trait with descendant taxa;
Homologous structures
Homoplasy <correct answer>Result of convergent evolution; trait arises independently;
Analogous structures
Parsimony <correct answer>minimizing change and complexity in a phylogenetic tree;
make the distinction between homology and homoplasy
Prokaryotic <correct answer>Domain Bacteria and Archaea
Relations in Domains <correct answer>Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related
because of histone proteins
Prokaryotic cells <correct answer>generally smaller than eukaryotic cells; lack a
membrane bound nuclear compartment
Domain Archaea <correct answer>Originally termed "extremophiles"; Rapid progress in
classification over past 10 yrs; Many are found in 'normal' habitats
Bacterial Diversity <correct answer>Firmicutes; Spirochaetes; Actinobacteria;
Cyanobacteria; Proteobacteria
Prokaryotic cell morphology <correct answer>important tool in identification of
prokaryotes: Cellular shape; Cellular arrangement
Coccus <correct answer>
Bacillus <correct answer>
Spirillum <correct answer>
Diplo- <correct answer>
