PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
|PHARMACOLOGY II (NURS 432)
STUDY SHEET FOR EXAM 5 (a
comprehensive and thorough
review of all the material that will
be tested on Exam 5 in this course)
PACE UNIVERSITY.
,NURS 432 – Pathophysiology/Pharmacology II Quiz 5 Study
Sheet
Module 6 – Self-Review
Module 6: Musculoskeletal System
Select Musculoskeletal Disorders
Congenital Musculoskeletal Disorders:
➢ Kyphosis: increase in the curvature of the thoracic spine outward
• Onset: can develop during the adolescent growth spurts because of poor posture or
secondary to osteoporosis
• Manifestations: can impair lung expansion and ventilation
• Diagnosis: history, physical examination, spine X-ray, CT, and MRI
• Treatment: exercises (including back
strengthening), proper posture, bracing,
and surgery
➢ Lordosis: exaggerated concave of the lumbar spine.
• Onset: can develop during adolescence
• Causes: adolescent growth spurts or poor posture.
• Risk Factors: obesity can increase risk.
• Diagnosis: history, physical examination, spine X-ray, CT, and MRI.
• Treatment: exercise, proper posture, bracing, and surgery.
➢ Scoliosis: lateral deviation of the spine
• Patho:
o Affected areas: thoracic or lumbar area or both.
o Vertebrae: may also be rotated.
o Stress on the vertebrae: causes an
imbalance in osteoclast activity,
increasing the curvature during growth
spurts.
o Associated Dx: kyphosis and lordosis.
o Severity: varies
o Prevalence: more common in females.
o Causes: idiopathic, genetic influences,
degenerative diseases, embryonic
developmental deformities, unequal leg
lengths, spinal nerve compression, and
asymmetrical muscle support
• Complications: pulmonary compromise,
chronic pain, degenerative arthritis of the spine,
intervertebral disk disease, and sciatica
• Manifestations: vary depending on the degree of
curvature and are exaggerated when an affected
person bends over
o Include: asymmetrical hip and shoulder alignment, asymmetrical thoracic
cage, asymmetrical gait, back pain or discomfort, fatigue, and indications
of respiratory compromise
• Diagnosis: history, physical examination, spinal X-rays, and a scoliometer
• Treatment: exercises (including back strengthening), bracing, and surgical
, correction (instrumentation or fusion)
Traumatic Musculoskeletal Disorders:
➢ Fractures: breaks in the rigid structure of the bone
• Patho of Fractures:
o Most common: traumatic musculoskeletal disorder
o Causes: falls, motor vehicle
accidents, sports-related injuries, and
conditions that weaken the bone (e.g.,
osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, and
bone cancer)
o Types of Fractures:
▪ Simple fracture: a single break with bone ends maintaining their
alignment and position
• Transverse fracture: (A) straight across the bone shaft
• Oblique fracture: (B) at an angle to the bone shaft
• Spiral fracture: (C) twists around the bone shaft
▪ Comminuted fracture: (D) multiple fracture lines and bone pieces
▪ Greenstick fracture: (E) an incomplete break in which the bone is
bent and only the outer curve of the bend is broken; commonly
occurs in children due to minimal calcification; heals quickly
▪ Compression fracture: (F) bone is crushed or collapses into small
pieces
▪ Complete fracture: broken into two or more separate pieces
1
|PHARMACOLOGY II (NURS 432)
STUDY SHEET FOR EXAM 5 (a
comprehensive and thorough
review of all the material that will
be tested on Exam 5 in this course)
PACE UNIVERSITY.
,NURS 432 – Pathophysiology/Pharmacology II Quiz 5 Study
Sheet
Module 6 – Self-Review
Module 6: Musculoskeletal System
Select Musculoskeletal Disorders
Congenital Musculoskeletal Disorders:
➢ Kyphosis: increase in the curvature of the thoracic spine outward
• Onset: can develop during the adolescent growth spurts because of poor posture or
secondary to osteoporosis
• Manifestations: can impair lung expansion and ventilation
• Diagnosis: history, physical examination, spine X-ray, CT, and MRI
• Treatment: exercises (including back
strengthening), proper posture, bracing,
and surgery
➢ Lordosis: exaggerated concave of the lumbar spine.
• Onset: can develop during adolescence
• Causes: adolescent growth spurts or poor posture.
• Risk Factors: obesity can increase risk.
• Diagnosis: history, physical examination, spine X-ray, CT, and MRI.
• Treatment: exercise, proper posture, bracing, and surgery.
➢ Scoliosis: lateral deviation of the spine
• Patho:
o Affected areas: thoracic or lumbar area or both.
o Vertebrae: may also be rotated.
o Stress on the vertebrae: causes an
imbalance in osteoclast activity,
increasing the curvature during growth
spurts.
o Associated Dx: kyphosis and lordosis.
o Severity: varies
o Prevalence: more common in females.
o Causes: idiopathic, genetic influences,
degenerative diseases, embryonic
developmental deformities, unequal leg
lengths, spinal nerve compression, and
asymmetrical muscle support
• Complications: pulmonary compromise,
chronic pain, degenerative arthritis of the spine,
intervertebral disk disease, and sciatica
• Manifestations: vary depending on the degree of
curvature and are exaggerated when an affected
person bends over
o Include: asymmetrical hip and shoulder alignment, asymmetrical thoracic
cage, asymmetrical gait, back pain or discomfort, fatigue, and indications
of respiratory compromise
• Diagnosis: history, physical examination, spinal X-rays, and a scoliometer
• Treatment: exercises (including back strengthening), bracing, and surgical
, correction (instrumentation or fusion)
Traumatic Musculoskeletal Disorders:
➢ Fractures: breaks in the rigid structure of the bone
• Patho of Fractures:
o Most common: traumatic musculoskeletal disorder
o Causes: falls, motor vehicle
accidents, sports-related injuries, and
conditions that weaken the bone (e.g.,
osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, and
bone cancer)
o Types of Fractures:
▪ Simple fracture: a single break with bone ends maintaining their
alignment and position
• Transverse fracture: (A) straight across the bone shaft
• Oblique fracture: (B) at an angle to the bone shaft
• Spiral fracture: (C) twists around the bone shaft
▪ Comminuted fracture: (D) multiple fracture lines and bone pieces
▪ Greenstick fracture: (E) an incomplete break in which the bone is
bent and only the outer curve of the bend is broken; commonly
occurs in children due to minimal calcification; heals quickly
▪ Compression fracture: (F) bone is crushed or collapses into small
pieces
▪ Complete fracture: broken into two or more separate pieces
1
