PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
|PHARMACOLOGY II (NURS 432)
STUDY SHEET FOR EXAM 6 (a
comprehensive and thorough
review of all the material that will
be tested on Exam 3-6 in this
course) PACE UNIVERSITY.
, A&P
• Bone Mass △ across life span: Peaks in third decade
o Remains stable to 50yo --> slow decline,
o <1% yearly
o Postmenopausal females: Accelerated loss (2-3% yearly)
▪ Resorption (back into the serum) > deposition (back to bone)
• Continuous remodeling ~ marrow
o Osteoclasts: Bone resorption (breakdown)
o Osteoblasts: Bone deposition
▪ Osteoid deposits ~ matrix of collagen & proteins --> calcification
→ → → →
• Calcium
o Roles: Blood coagulation, Integrity (Bones, nerves, muscle, heart)
o Majority stored in bone ~ 98%
o Remainder present in blood- Normal: 8.6-10.3mg/dL (50% bound, 50% free, active)
o Calcium absorption: Small intestines -1/3 of ingested calcium (Increased by PTH & vit D)
▪ Reduced w/
• Meds: GCs, TCNs, FQs, PHY, levothyroxine
• Oxalic acid ~ spinach, rhubarb, swiss chard, beets
• Phytic acid & insoluble fiber ~ bran, grain cereals
o Calcium excretion: Primarily through kidney
▪ Loss determined by GFR & tubular reabsorption, Reduced by PTH & vitamin D
▪ Reduced excretion: thiazides
▪ Increased excretion: loops, calcitonin
o
o Calcium regulation: Intestinal absorption, Renal excretion / tubular reabsorption,
Resorption in bone --> blood, Deposition in blood --> bone
▪ Factors affecting regulation: PTH, Vitamin D, Calcitonin
▪ In response to ↓ serum Ca (Ca moved towards blood)
• PTH secretion: Resorption in bone, Tubular reabsorption, Activation of
vitamin D
• Vitamin D: Same effects on resorption & tubular reabsorption, Intestinal
absorption of calcium
▪ In response to ↑ serum Ca (Ca leaves blood)
• Suppression of PTH release: 𝖰 vitamin D activation
|PHARMACOLOGY II (NURS 432)
STUDY SHEET FOR EXAM 6 (a
comprehensive and thorough
review of all the material that will
be tested on Exam 3-6 in this
course) PACE UNIVERSITY.
, A&P
• Bone Mass △ across life span: Peaks in third decade
o Remains stable to 50yo --> slow decline,
o <1% yearly
o Postmenopausal females: Accelerated loss (2-3% yearly)
▪ Resorption (back into the serum) > deposition (back to bone)
• Continuous remodeling ~ marrow
o Osteoclasts: Bone resorption (breakdown)
o Osteoblasts: Bone deposition
▪ Osteoid deposits ~ matrix of collagen & proteins --> calcification
→ → → →
• Calcium
o Roles: Blood coagulation, Integrity (Bones, nerves, muscle, heart)
o Majority stored in bone ~ 98%
o Remainder present in blood- Normal: 8.6-10.3mg/dL (50% bound, 50% free, active)
o Calcium absorption: Small intestines -1/3 of ingested calcium (Increased by PTH & vit D)
▪ Reduced w/
• Meds: GCs, TCNs, FQs, PHY, levothyroxine
• Oxalic acid ~ spinach, rhubarb, swiss chard, beets
• Phytic acid & insoluble fiber ~ bran, grain cereals
o Calcium excretion: Primarily through kidney
▪ Loss determined by GFR & tubular reabsorption, Reduced by PTH & vitamin D
▪ Reduced excretion: thiazides
▪ Increased excretion: loops, calcitonin
o
o Calcium regulation: Intestinal absorption, Renal excretion / tubular reabsorption,
Resorption in bone --> blood, Deposition in blood --> bone
▪ Factors affecting regulation: PTH, Vitamin D, Calcitonin
▪ In response to ↓ serum Ca (Ca moved towards blood)
• PTH secretion: Resorption in bone, Tubular reabsorption, Activation of
vitamin D
• Vitamin D: Same effects on resorption & tubular reabsorption, Intestinal
absorption of calcium
▪ In response to ↑ serum Ca (Ca leaves blood)
• Suppression of PTH release: 𝖰 vitamin D activation
