NURSING CARE OF CHILDREN (NURS
418) PEDIATRIC FINAL EXAM STUDY
GUIDE LATEST UPDATED AND
VERIFIED (with all information you
need to pass).
, School Age Child
• “School age” generally defined as 6-12 years
• Physiologically begins with shedding of first deciduous teeth; ends at puberty with acquisition of final permanent
teeth
• Gradual growth and development
• Progress with physical and emotional maturity
• Frequent physical complaints- sore throat, abdominal pains, limb pains.
Psychosocial Social Development
Erikson: Industry vs Inferiority
• Eager to develop skills and participate in meaningful and socially useful work
• Acquire sense of personal and interpersonal competence. Develops self-esteem
• Growing sense of independence
• Peer approval is strong motivator
• Relationships center around same-gender peers
• Erikson: Inferiority
• Feelings may derive from self or social environment
• May occur if incapable or unprepared to assume the responsibilities associated with developing a sense of
accomplishment
• All children feel some degree of inferiority regarding skill(s) they cannot master
• Important to learn how to deal with failure of frustration without decreasing self-esteem or develop a sense of
inferiority.
Piaget: Cognitive Development
• Concrete operations
– Use thought processes to experience events and actions. Problem solving development
– Learns the concept of conservation
– Develop understanding of relationships between things and ideas –volume, weight, numbers, classify - collections of
nonvaluable items such as rocks, bottle caps
– Able to make judgments based on reason (“conceptual thinking”). Able to see another person point of view.
Social Development
– Importance of the peer group
– Identification with peers is a strong influence in child gaining independence from parents. Children learn to deal with
dominance and hostility. (Bullying).
– Learn how to make friends and work as as group.
– Sex roles strongly influenced by peer relationships. Same-gender peers
Making Friends
– Ask about child's friends
– If child is new to area or school, may not have made friends yet
– Shy children may have difficulty making new friends
– Home-schooled children need social events to develop friendships
Play
– Cooperative play – cooperation with others and the ability to contribute to a unified whole
– Involves physical skill, intellectual ability, and fantasy
– Form groups, cliques, clubs, secret societies
– Rules and rituals
– See need for rules in games they play
– Board, card, video, and computer games, and dollhouse and other small-figure play
,Exercise and Activity
– Team play
– Sports
o Controversy regarding early participation in competitive sports
o Concerns with physical and emotional maturity in competitive environment
– Generally, like competition
– Active play has decreased in recent years as television viewing, multimedia device use, and video games have
increased. This trend has resulted in health risks such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular problems.
Injury Prevention
– Most common cause of severe injury and death in school-age children is motor vehicle crashes—pedestrian and
passenger
– Bicycle injuries—benefits of bike helmets
– Appropriate safety equipment for all sports (helmets, pads.
– Gun safety
Adolescent
Adolescent Growth and Development
– Transition between childhood and adulthood
– Rapid physical, cognitive, social, and emotional maturation
– Generally defined as beginning with onset of puberty and ending with cessation of body growth at 18-20 years.
Erikson: Psychosocial Development
• Erikson: identity vs. role confusion
– Early adolescent:
– group identity vs. alienation
– Development of personal
– identity vs. role diffusion
, Psychosocial development
– Independence
– Identity
– Peers
– Language use
– Exploration and rebellion
– Need for privacy
– Sexuality
Piaget: Cognitive Development
– Formal operations period
– Abstract thinking
– Think beyond present
– Mental manipulation of multiple variables
– Concerned about others’ thoughts and needs
– Can easily be swayed by emotion or peer pressure to choose unwisely.
Social Development
– Goal: to define identity independently from parental authority
– Much ambivalence
– Intense sociability; intense loneliness
– Acceptance by peers
Adolescents and Parents
– Roles change from protection-dependency to mutual affection and equality
– Process involves turmoil and ambiguity
– Struggle of privileges and responsibility
– Emancipation from parents may begin with rejection of parents by teen
– Early 11-14 – wide mood swings. Not battling with parents but think of them as less knowing
– Middle 14-17- more introspective, sulking, dating, parents are idiots.
418) PEDIATRIC FINAL EXAM STUDY
GUIDE LATEST UPDATED AND
VERIFIED (with all information you
need to pass).
, School Age Child
• “School age” generally defined as 6-12 years
• Physiologically begins with shedding of first deciduous teeth; ends at puberty with acquisition of final permanent
teeth
• Gradual growth and development
• Progress with physical and emotional maturity
• Frequent physical complaints- sore throat, abdominal pains, limb pains.
Psychosocial Social Development
Erikson: Industry vs Inferiority
• Eager to develop skills and participate in meaningful and socially useful work
• Acquire sense of personal and interpersonal competence. Develops self-esteem
• Growing sense of independence
• Peer approval is strong motivator
• Relationships center around same-gender peers
• Erikson: Inferiority
• Feelings may derive from self or social environment
• May occur if incapable or unprepared to assume the responsibilities associated with developing a sense of
accomplishment
• All children feel some degree of inferiority regarding skill(s) they cannot master
• Important to learn how to deal with failure of frustration without decreasing self-esteem or develop a sense of
inferiority.
Piaget: Cognitive Development
• Concrete operations
– Use thought processes to experience events and actions. Problem solving development
– Learns the concept of conservation
– Develop understanding of relationships between things and ideas –volume, weight, numbers, classify - collections of
nonvaluable items such as rocks, bottle caps
– Able to make judgments based on reason (“conceptual thinking”). Able to see another person point of view.
Social Development
– Importance of the peer group
– Identification with peers is a strong influence in child gaining independence from parents. Children learn to deal with
dominance and hostility. (Bullying).
– Learn how to make friends and work as as group.
– Sex roles strongly influenced by peer relationships. Same-gender peers
Making Friends
– Ask about child's friends
– If child is new to area or school, may not have made friends yet
– Shy children may have difficulty making new friends
– Home-schooled children need social events to develop friendships
Play
– Cooperative play – cooperation with others and the ability to contribute to a unified whole
– Involves physical skill, intellectual ability, and fantasy
– Form groups, cliques, clubs, secret societies
– Rules and rituals
– See need for rules in games they play
– Board, card, video, and computer games, and dollhouse and other small-figure play
,Exercise and Activity
– Team play
– Sports
o Controversy regarding early participation in competitive sports
o Concerns with physical and emotional maturity in competitive environment
– Generally, like competition
– Active play has decreased in recent years as television viewing, multimedia device use, and video games have
increased. This trend has resulted in health risks such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular problems.
Injury Prevention
– Most common cause of severe injury and death in school-age children is motor vehicle crashes—pedestrian and
passenger
– Bicycle injuries—benefits of bike helmets
– Appropriate safety equipment for all sports (helmets, pads.
– Gun safety
Adolescent
Adolescent Growth and Development
– Transition between childhood and adulthood
– Rapid physical, cognitive, social, and emotional maturation
– Generally defined as beginning with onset of puberty and ending with cessation of body growth at 18-20 years.
Erikson: Psychosocial Development
• Erikson: identity vs. role confusion
– Early adolescent:
– group identity vs. alienation
– Development of personal
– identity vs. role diffusion
, Psychosocial development
– Independence
– Identity
– Peers
– Language use
– Exploration and rebellion
– Need for privacy
– Sexuality
Piaget: Cognitive Development
– Formal operations period
– Abstract thinking
– Think beyond present
– Mental manipulation of multiple variables
– Concerned about others’ thoughts and needs
– Can easily be swayed by emotion or peer pressure to choose unwisely.
Social Development
– Goal: to define identity independently from parental authority
– Much ambivalence
– Intense sociability; intense loneliness
– Acceptance by peers
Adolescents and Parents
– Roles change from protection-dependency to mutual affection and equality
– Process involves turmoil and ambiguity
– Struggle of privileges and responsibility
– Emancipation from parents may begin with rejection of parents by teen
– Early 11-14 – wide mood swings. Not battling with parents but think of them as less knowing
– Middle 14-17- more introspective, sulking, dating, parents are idiots.
