TRU BIOL 1693 module 1 - The Endocrine System Exam Questions and Answers Already Passed
exocrine - Answers exocrine glands secrete into ducts. the ducts carry the secretions to the target site or
onto the surface of the body
endocrine - Answers endocrine glands secrete their products, hormones, into the interstitial fluid
surrounding the secretory cells, which then diffuses into capillaries to be carried away by the blood
hormones - Answers hormones are powerful regardless of concentration level. hormones travel
throughout the body but only affect certain target cells, which have specific protein or glycoprotein
receptors which the hormones bind to
receptors - Answers receptors are constantly synthesized and broken down. when too much hormone is
present down-regulation occurs. When a hormone is deficient, up-regulation occurs
down regulation - Answers a decrease in the number of hormone receptors
up regulation - Answers an increase in the number of hormone receptors
Lipid soluble hormones - Answers steroid hormones, which are made from cholesterol, thyroid
hormones, and nitric oxide
water soluble hormones - Answers single amino acid, epinephrine, norepinephrine, peptides which
include antidiuretic hormone or ADH and oxytocin, proteins that include insulin and growth hormone
hormone response - Answers the response to a hormone depends on both the hormone and the target
cell. various target cells respond differently to different hormones
Lipid soluble hormone mechanism - Answers lipid soluble hormones bind to and activate receptors
within cells. these activated receptors then alter gene expression, which causes the formation of new
proteins that alter cell activity.
water soluble hormone mechanism - Answers water soluble hormones alter cell functions by activating
plasma membrane receptors, which sets off a cascade of events inside the cell
first messenger - Answers a water soluble hormone that binds to the cell membrane receptor is called
the first messenger
second messenger - Answers a second messenger is released inside the cell in which hormone-
stimulated response occurs
typical A.M.P. second messenger mechanism - Answers the hormone binds to the membrane receptor.
this activated receptor initializes a membrane G protein that turns in adenylate cyclase. the, adenylate
cyclase converts A.T.P. into cyclic A.M.P., which activates protein kinases. Protein Kinases phosphorylate
enzymes catalyze reactions that produce the physiological response.
, hormone release - Answers most hormones are released in short bursts, with little or no release
between bursts. Normally the regulation of hormone secretion maintains homeostasis and prevents
over or under production of a particular hormone; however, when these regulating mechanisms don't
work properly, disorders occur
control of hormone secretion - Answers Hormone secretion is controlled by signals from the nervous
system, chemical changes in the blood, and other hormones. Usually negative feedback systems
regulate hormone secretions
hypothalamus - Answers the hypothalamus is the major integrating link between the nervous and
endocrine systems. it produces releasing or inhibiting hormones that control the hormones of the
anterior pituitary.
hypothalamus and pituitary - Answers the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, also known as the
hypothysis, regulate virtually all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis
the pituitary gland is located - Answers in the hypophyseal fossea of the spheroid bone, and is
differentiated into the anterior pituitary which is also known as the adenohypophysis and the posterior
pituitary, which is also known as the neurohypophysis
Human Growth Hormone h.G.H. - Answers the most plentiful anterior pituitary hormone. it acts
indirectly on tissues by promoting the synthesis and secretion of small protein hormones called insulin-
like growth factors or I.G.F.'s, which stimulate general body growth and regulate metabolism
Thyroid stimulating hormone T.S.H. - Answers anterior pituitary hormone.regulates thyroid gland
activities and is controlled by thyrotropin releasing hormone T.R.H.
follicle stimulating hormone F.S.H. - Answers anterior pituitary hormone.In females, it innitiates follicle
development and the secretion of estrogens in the ovaries. In males, it stimulates sperm production in
the testes
luteinizing hormone L.H. - Answers anterior pituitary hormone.In females, it stimulates the secretion of
estrogens by ovarian cells, resulting in ovulation, the corpus luteum, and the secretion of progesterone.
In males, it stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone
prolactin P.R.L. - Answers anterior pituitary hormone.together with other hormones, it innitiates and
maintains milk secretion by the mammary glands
adrenocorticotrophic hormone A.C.T.H - Answers anterior pituitary hormone.controls the production
and secretion of hormones called glucocorticoids by the cortex of the adrenal gland
melanocyte stimulating hormone - Answers anterior pituitary hormone.increases skin pigmentation,
although it's exact role in humans is unknown.
posterior pituitary gland does not - Answers synthesize hormones, but it DOES store and release two
hormones, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone A.D.H.
exocrine - Answers exocrine glands secrete into ducts. the ducts carry the secretions to the target site or
onto the surface of the body
endocrine - Answers endocrine glands secrete their products, hormones, into the interstitial fluid
surrounding the secretory cells, which then diffuses into capillaries to be carried away by the blood
hormones - Answers hormones are powerful regardless of concentration level. hormones travel
throughout the body but only affect certain target cells, which have specific protein or glycoprotein
receptors which the hormones bind to
receptors - Answers receptors are constantly synthesized and broken down. when too much hormone is
present down-regulation occurs. When a hormone is deficient, up-regulation occurs
down regulation - Answers a decrease in the number of hormone receptors
up regulation - Answers an increase in the number of hormone receptors
Lipid soluble hormones - Answers steroid hormones, which are made from cholesterol, thyroid
hormones, and nitric oxide
water soluble hormones - Answers single amino acid, epinephrine, norepinephrine, peptides which
include antidiuretic hormone or ADH and oxytocin, proteins that include insulin and growth hormone
hormone response - Answers the response to a hormone depends on both the hormone and the target
cell. various target cells respond differently to different hormones
Lipid soluble hormone mechanism - Answers lipid soluble hormones bind to and activate receptors
within cells. these activated receptors then alter gene expression, which causes the formation of new
proteins that alter cell activity.
water soluble hormone mechanism - Answers water soluble hormones alter cell functions by activating
plasma membrane receptors, which sets off a cascade of events inside the cell
first messenger - Answers a water soluble hormone that binds to the cell membrane receptor is called
the first messenger
second messenger - Answers a second messenger is released inside the cell in which hormone-
stimulated response occurs
typical A.M.P. second messenger mechanism - Answers the hormone binds to the membrane receptor.
this activated receptor initializes a membrane G protein that turns in adenylate cyclase. the, adenylate
cyclase converts A.T.P. into cyclic A.M.P., which activates protein kinases. Protein Kinases phosphorylate
enzymes catalyze reactions that produce the physiological response.
, hormone release - Answers most hormones are released in short bursts, with little or no release
between bursts. Normally the regulation of hormone secretion maintains homeostasis and prevents
over or under production of a particular hormone; however, when these regulating mechanisms don't
work properly, disorders occur
control of hormone secretion - Answers Hormone secretion is controlled by signals from the nervous
system, chemical changes in the blood, and other hormones. Usually negative feedback systems
regulate hormone secretions
hypothalamus - Answers the hypothalamus is the major integrating link between the nervous and
endocrine systems. it produces releasing or inhibiting hormones that control the hormones of the
anterior pituitary.
hypothalamus and pituitary - Answers the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, also known as the
hypothysis, regulate virtually all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis
the pituitary gland is located - Answers in the hypophyseal fossea of the spheroid bone, and is
differentiated into the anterior pituitary which is also known as the adenohypophysis and the posterior
pituitary, which is also known as the neurohypophysis
Human Growth Hormone h.G.H. - Answers the most plentiful anterior pituitary hormone. it acts
indirectly on tissues by promoting the synthesis and secretion of small protein hormones called insulin-
like growth factors or I.G.F.'s, which stimulate general body growth and regulate metabolism
Thyroid stimulating hormone T.S.H. - Answers anterior pituitary hormone.regulates thyroid gland
activities and is controlled by thyrotropin releasing hormone T.R.H.
follicle stimulating hormone F.S.H. - Answers anterior pituitary hormone.In females, it innitiates follicle
development and the secretion of estrogens in the ovaries. In males, it stimulates sperm production in
the testes
luteinizing hormone L.H. - Answers anterior pituitary hormone.In females, it stimulates the secretion of
estrogens by ovarian cells, resulting in ovulation, the corpus luteum, and the secretion of progesterone.
In males, it stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone
prolactin P.R.L. - Answers anterior pituitary hormone.together with other hormones, it innitiates and
maintains milk secretion by the mammary glands
adrenocorticotrophic hormone A.C.T.H - Answers anterior pituitary hormone.controls the production
and secretion of hormones called glucocorticoids by the cortex of the adrenal gland
melanocyte stimulating hormone - Answers anterior pituitary hormone.increases skin pigmentation,
although it's exact role in humans is unknown.
posterior pituitary gland does not - Answers synthesize hormones, but it DOES store and release two
hormones, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone A.D.H.
