US History 8th Grade Questions and Answers correct

US History 8th Grade Questions and Answers correct John Adams American statesman, delegate to the Continental Congress, a member of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence, VP to George Washington, and the 2nd president of the US John Quincy Adams Son of President John Adams, largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. 6th President of US Samuel Adams American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence John Jacob Astor American fur trader and financier, he founded the fur-trading post of Astoria and the American fur company Stephen F. Austin known as the Father of Texas, led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States. Lost Colony of Roanoke Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them. John Smith A captain famous for world travel. As a young man, he took control in Jamestown. He organized the colony and saved many people from death the next winter. He also initiated attacks on Natives. He was the council president of Jamestown beginning in 1608 Bartholomew Gosnold England () first European to see Cape Cod and Martha's Vineyard, founded colony of Virginia, first permanent English settlement, Jamestown William Bradford A pilgrim that lived in a north colony called Plymouth Rock in 1620. He was chosen governor 30 times. He also conducted experiments of living in the wilderness and wrote about them; well known for "Of Plymouth Plantation." Roger Williams A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south Anne Hutchison A devoted Puritan, started to hold prayer meetings where they discussed sermons and compared ministers. this created a problem for Puritan leaders; in 1637, the General Court called her to trial to answer to charges of heresy, and was banished. Help found Rhode Island after exile. Thomas Hooker A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government. Wrote fundamental Orders of Connecticut William Penn A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution. Pequot War Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed King Phillip's War 1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion. First Great Awakening a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth. subsistence farming farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced cash crops crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit First Virginia Charter authorized the London company to establish plantations in Virginia Mayflower Compact 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. Charter of Massachusetts Bay Colony when the colonies were reestablished, it allowed the King to appoint a royal governor Fundamental Orders of Connecticut First Constitution written in America - limited the governor's power in Connecticut, allowed non church members to vote Maryland Toleration Act Act that was passed in Maryland that guaranteed toleration to all Christians, regardless of sect but not to those who did not believe in the divinity of Jesus. Though it did not sanction much tolerance, the act was the first seed that would sprout into the first amendment, granting religious freedom to all. Articles of Confederation This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage. Middle Passage A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies French and Indian War () War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won. Fort Loudoun British fort built in 1757 in the area that is now Monroe County, Tennessee. The friendly trading relations turned sour and the Cherokees surrounded the fort and eventually took all 230 people as prisoners. Daniel Boone famous early pioneer who cleared Wilderness Road, a new route to the west. Wilderness Road became the main route used to cross the Appalachian Mountains William Bean was an early Tennessee settler. He built a cabin on the Boone's Creek in the Watauaga River areas Uriah Stone A Longhunter (or long hunter) who was an 18th-century explorer and hunter who made expeditions into the American frontier wilderness for as much as six months at a time Kasper Mansker a long hunter who explored Kentucky and the Cumberland Valley regions of Tennessee. In 1772 he discovered a salt lick near what is now Nashville, and he later returned with other settlers to build a fort on Mansker's Creek. Dr. Thomas Walker First frontiersman into KY- named the Cumberland River forming Lake Cumberland & Cumberland Gap in honor of the Duke of Cumberland (Son of King George II of England. Relative of George Washington by marriage, was the guardian of Thomas Jefferson, He served in the French and Indian War. Richard Henderson Organized Transylvania Company (short lived colony in what is now known as Kentucky). He petitioned to make it the fourteenth colony but was denied because both VA and NC had claims to the land. Treaty of Sycamore Shoals agreement where Cherokees lost 2 million acres between the Cumberland and the Ohio River Transylvania Purchase Indian thought land was temporary, so they gave it to the Europeans to have permanently. Opened middle TN for settlement James Robertson He came to TN after William Bean and he came from NC, he left NC because he hated NC government, a member of Watauga Court. Founder of Nashville. Little Carpenter Cherokee chief who served as a great friend to the British Dragging Canoe He led Cherokees in western Carolina and Virginia to attack outlying settlements in 1776, militias forced him to flee west across Tenn River, remaining gave up more land Nancy Ward a Cherokee woman and head of the Cherokee Women's Council. She sought a peaceful existence with white society. She led the opposition to the sale of Cherokee land to whites and argued women needed to retain control of land. Ultimately the Cherokee would be forcibly removed in the 1830s after white's failed to purchase lands. Salutary Neglect An English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty. Royal Proclamation of 1763 Act passed by Britain that attempted to keep the colonies from settling the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains in attempt to ease pressure from the Natives and to save money Sugar Act of 1764 An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies. Quartering Act of 1765 Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties. Stamp Act of 1765 1765) a law passed by Parliament that raised tax money by requiring colonists to pay for an official stamp whenever they bought paper items such as newspapers, licenses, and legal documents Declaratory Act 1766 Following the repeal of the Stamp Act, this act stated that the British Parliament held the same power in the colonies as in Britain. Gave Parliament the authority to pass any law they pleased upon the American colonies. (punishment for the stamp act repeal) Townshend Act 1767 this act import duties on glass, paint, paper, red and white lead, and tea; also designed to sue these revenues to pay the salaries of governors and judges in the colonies Boston Massacre The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans Boston Tea Party A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor. Intolerable Acts 1774; laws meant to punish Boston after the Tea Party; closed the harbor, created a police state, Quebec Act, and had to quarter troops in civilian homes King George III King of England during the American Revolution Patrick Henry revolutionary orator, statesman, and a member of the House of Burgesses; introduced seven resolutions against the Stamp Act; "Give me liberty or give me death" Benjamin Franklin American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution. No Taxation without Representation slogan; Primary grief of the American colonists pre-Revolutionary War. The English Bill of Rights in 1689 set forth that no taxes could be collected without consent of Parliament. SInce the colonists had no representation, they believed that the taxes violated the Rights of Englishmen in the Magna Carta. The complaint was over the decision-making process of taxation without Colonial representation. Battle of Lexington and Concord These two battles occurred on the same day. They were the first military conflicts of the war. first one, in which a shot suddenly rang out as minutemen were leaving the scene at Lexington. Fighting then occurred. The British won the brief fight. In the second battle, the British had gone onto Concord and, finding no arms, left to go back to Boston. On the bridge back, they met 300 minutemen. The British were forced to retreat, and the Americans claimed victory. Siege of Boston Ticonderoga; Washington and men were about to be attacked; the obtained gunpowder from colonists and cannons from and abandoned fort called Ticonderoga; British abandon Boston, Washington places it under siege Capture of Fort Ticonderoga fort near Lake Champlain; Americans captured it and gained cannons Battle of Bunker Hill First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and area was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths. Battle of Trenton On Christmas day at night, Washington's soldiers began crossing the Delaware River. The next morning, they surprise attacked the British mercenaries which were Hessians. Battle of Saratoga 1777: Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain. Valley Forge Place where Washington's army spent the winter of , a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops Battle of King's Mountain This battle was fought between 2 militias; the Loyalists versus the Patriots. The Patriots won. Battle of Yorktown Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781. Benedict Arnold American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point. Horatio Gates American General whose troops defeated the British forces at Saratoga. John Burgoyne British general in the American Revolution who captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777 () Marquis de la Fayette He was a French military officer who was a key general during both the French and American Revolutionary wars. He volunteered his services. Friedrich von Steuben Military officer from Germany who trained American soldiers during the American Revolution. Cherokee War Conflict () on the southern frontier between Cherokee Indians and colonists from virginia southward. It caused south Carolina to request the aid of British troops and resulted in the surrender of more Indian land to white colonists Treaty of Long Island treaty that gave all land east of the Blue Ridge Mountains to the settlers John Donelson He led a pioneers to middle TN in 1779 by boat. They tried to float down the Tennessee River and the back up the Cumberland. It took twice as long as the land trip Cumberland Compact The first act of government created in the Cumberland Settlements in 1780; it called for a council of twelve elected judges. The compact was a forerunner to the Tennessee State Constitution. Battle of the Bluffs The battle that began on April 2, 1781. A force of about 400 Chickamaugans warriors led by leader Dragging Canoe, came to wipe out Fort Nashborough and the surrounding settlements. free press form of media characterized by the open reporting of information without government censorship Common Sense 1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation The Crisis A pamphlet written by Tom Paine during the darkest days of the Revolution for the Patriots that spurred them to keep fighting. "The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot..." Peter Zenger 1735 - He was put on trial for slander because he printed information about the government in the press. He was found not guilty because he was telling the truth. Andrew Hamilton Defense attorney in the Zenger case who made the first step toward freedom of the press Shay's Rebellion A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes Whiskey Rebellion In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion. Constitution A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society Federalist Papers A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail. Bill of Rights The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press. Kentucky and Virginia Resolution Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. William Blount Governor of the Southwest Territory who called the meeting at which the constitution of Tennessee was written in 1796. John Sevier 1st Govenor of Tennessee Joseph McMinn 1815 TN governor Federalist v. Republicans Federalists favored strong central government, DRs opposed. Federalists opposed French Revolution, DRs favored. Federalists supported the Jay Treaty and DRs opposed. Albert Gallatin He was Jefferson's secretary. Jefferson and Gallatin believed that to pay the interest on debt, there would have to be taxes. Taxes would suck money from industrious farmers and put it in the hands of wealthy creditors. Cumberland Gap A pass in the Cumberland Mountains at the junction of the Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee boundaries. 1315 ft. It was discovered in 1750 by Dr. Thomas Walker, a Virginia physician and explorer. Long used by Native Americans, the path was widened by a team of loggers led by Daniel Boone, making it accessible to pioneers, who used it to journey into the western frontiers of Kentucky and Tennessee.