GENETICS BIOD 210 FINAL 180 QUESTIONS &
CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025
A nucleotide is made up of what 3 components? - ANSWER-phosphate group,
pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base
What nitrogenous bases are purines - ANSWER-Adenine and Guanine
What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? - ANSWER-cytosine, thymine, uracil
How can you differentiate between purines and pyrimidines? - ANSWER-purines
are double-ringed while pyrimidines are single-ringed
What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - ANSWER-DNA: double
stranded, has deoxyribose sugar(hydroxyl group at 2' carbon), bases: A, T, G, C
RNA: single stranded, has ribose sugar(one oxygen is removed from the 2'
Carbon), bases: A, U, G, C
Nucleoside vs Nucleotide - ANSWER-nucleoside: pentose sugar + nitrogenous
base
nucleotide: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group
What type of bonds bind nucleotide chains? - ANSWER-Phosphodiester bonds
,What are the 4 requirements for a molecule to be genetic material? - ANSWER-1.)
Must contain important info to encode hereditary traits
2.) Must be capable of replication
3.) Must be capable of variation by mutation
4.) Must be able to express information
Where are chromosomes located? - ANSWER-cell's nucleus
what is a centrosome? - ANSWER-location in the cell that contains centrioles
What are centrioles? - ANSWER-microtubules that produce mitotic spindle fibers,
aids in cell division, and make up the cytoskeleton of the cell
How many centrioles are there for every centrosome? - ANSWER-2 centrioles/1
centrosome
How many copies of each type of chromosome does each eukaryotic cell typically
have? - ANSWER-2 copies
what are homologous chromosomes? - ANSWER-copies of the same type of DNA
What are non-homologous chromosomes? - ANSWER-copies of different
chromosomes with different DNA
What is mitosis? - ANSWER-cell division of one cell into 2 exact duplicates
,What are the six stages of Mitosis in order? - ANSWER-interphase, prophase,
prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
What happens during mitosis interphase? - ANSWER-mitosis stage that the cell is
primarily in
chromosomes are uncondensed, so they are just hanging out in the nucleus
1 centrosome < 2 centrioles
What happens during interphase s-phase? - ANSWER-Centrosome replication ( 2
centrosomes < 4 centrioles) occurs and chromosome replication occurs (still
uncondensed)
What happens during mitosis prophase? - ANSWER-centrioles move to opposite
ends of the cell using spindle fibers
nuclear membrane breaks down
chromatin (DNA) condenses into chromosomes (the "x"'s); bound by a
kinetochore that attracts mitotic spindle fibers
What happens during mitosis prometaphase? - ANSWER-centrioles have reached
polar regions and mitotic spindle fibers have connected to the kinetochore
What happens during mitosis metaphase - ANSWER-all chromosomes are lined up
on the metaphase plate
, What happens during mitosis Anaphase? - ANSWER-mitotic spindle fibers pull
chromosomes apart into chromatids (4n)
What happens during mitosis telophase? - ANSWER-nuclear envelope reforms
plasmo-membrane is pinched; sister chromatids are still condensed at this point
What happens during cytokinesis? - ANSWER-cells split off; genetic material
becomes uncondensed
What happens during Meiosis? - ANSWER-Division of one diploid cell to yield 4
haploid cells that are completely different
What happens during Meiosis 1? - ANSWER-1. Homologous chromosomes pair to
form tetrads.
2. Crossing over (exchange of sections of genetic material) occurs at chiasmata.
3. Cell divides into two. Homologous chromosomes separate randomly. Each cell
contains either maternal or paternal copy. (1 diploids becomes 2 haploid)
What happens during Meiosis 2? - ANSWER-1. Independent segregation of sister
chromatids.
2. Each cell divides again, producing 4 haploid cells.
What are the three theories of DNA Replication? - ANSWER-semi-
conservative(parent strands split and are used as templates for new DNA + it
binds to the new DNA), conservative(parents split to make new strands and then
CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025
A nucleotide is made up of what 3 components? - ANSWER-phosphate group,
pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base
What nitrogenous bases are purines - ANSWER-Adenine and Guanine
What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? - ANSWER-cytosine, thymine, uracil
How can you differentiate between purines and pyrimidines? - ANSWER-purines
are double-ringed while pyrimidines are single-ringed
What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - ANSWER-DNA: double
stranded, has deoxyribose sugar(hydroxyl group at 2' carbon), bases: A, T, G, C
RNA: single stranded, has ribose sugar(one oxygen is removed from the 2'
Carbon), bases: A, U, G, C
Nucleoside vs Nucleotide - ANSWER-nucleoside: pentose sugar + nitrogenous
base
nucleotide: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group
What type of bonds bind nucleotide chains? - ANSWER-Phosphodiester bonds
,What are the 4 requirements for a molecule to be genetic material? - ANSWER-1.)
Must contain important info to encode hereditary traits
2.) Must be capable of replication
3.) Must be capable of variation by mutation
4.) Must be able to express information
Where are chromosomes located? - ANSWER-cell's nucleus
what is a centrosome? - ANSWER-location in the cell that contains centrioles
What are centrioles? - ANSWER-microtubules that produce mitotic spindle fibers,
aids in cell division, and make up the cytoskeleton of the cell
How many centrioles are there for every centrosome? - ANSWER-2 centrioles/1
centrosome
How many copies of each type of chromosome does each eukaryotic cell typically
have? - ANSWER-2 copies
what are homologous chromosomes? - ANSWER-copies of the same type of DNA
What are non-homologous chromosomes? - ANSWER-copies of different
chromosomes with different DNA
What is mitosis? - ANSWER-cell division of one cell into 2 exact duplicates
,What are the six stages of Mitosis in order? - ANSWER-interphase, prophase,
prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
What happens during mitosis interphase? - ANSWER-mitosis stage that the cell is
primarily in
chromosomes are uncondensed, so they are just hanging out in the nucleus
1 centrosome < 2 centrioles
What happens during interphase s-phase? - ANSWER-Centrosome replication ( 2
centrosomes < 4 centrioles) occurs and chromosome replication occurs (still
uncondensed)
What happens during mitosis prophase? - ANSWER-centrioles move to opposite
ends of the cell using spindle fibers
nuclear membrane breaks down
chromatin (DNA) condenses into chromosomes (the "x"'s); bound by a
kinetochore that attracts mitotic spindle fibers
What happens during mitosis prometaphase? - ANSWER-centrioles have reached
polar regions and mitotic spindle fibers have connected to the kinetochore
What happens during mitosis metaphase - ANSWER-all chromosomes are lined up
on the metaphase plate
, What happens during mitosis Anaphase? - ANSWER-mitotic spindle fibers pull
chromosomes apart into chromatids (4n)
What happens during mitosis telophase? - ANSWER-nuclear envelope reforms
plasmo-membrane is pinched; sister chromatids are still condensed at this point
What happens during cytokinesis? - ANSWER-cells split off; genetic material
becomes uncondensed
What happens during Meiosis? - ANSWER-Division of one diploid cell to yield 4
haploid cells that are completely different
What happens during Meiosis 1? - ANSWER-1. Homologous chromosomes pair to
form tetrads.
2. Crossing over (exchange of sections of genetic material) occurs at chiasmata.
3. Cell divides into two. Homologous chromosomes separate randomly. Each cell
contains either maternal or paternal copy. (1 diploids becomes 2 haploid)
What happens during Meiosis 2? - ANSWER-1. Independent segregation of sister
chromatids.
2. Each cell divides again, producing 4 haploid cells.
What are the three theories of DNA Replication? - ANSWER-semi-
conservative(parent strands split and are used as templates for new DNA + it
binds to the new DNA), conservative(parents split to make new strands and then
