BIO 201- Midterm Exam Study Guide
Anatomy - answer study of the structure/morphology of the human body and its parts
physiology - answer study of the functions of the human body and its parts
List the levels of organization from simplest to most complex. - answer subatomic
particles
atom
molecule
macro-molecule
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
cell - answer-composed of organelles
-the basic units of structure and function of the body
tissue - answerlayer or mass of cells with specific function
organ - answergroup of different tissues with a function
system/ organ system - answergroup of organs with common function
homeostasis - answermaintenance of a stable internal environment
metabolism - answerall of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life
positive feedback loop - answer-homeostatic mechanism
-response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus
-uncommon in body
-short lived
-examples are contractions in labor by oxytocin and platelet plug formation+ blood
clotting
negative feedback loop - answer-homeostatic mechanism
-most feedbacks in the body
-response reduces or shuts off original stimulus/ goes in opposite direction
-examples are regulation of body temperature, regulation of blood glucose by insulin
,Human life depends on what 5 environmental factors? - answer1) water
2) food
3) oxygen
4) heat
5) pressure
1) Water - answer-most abundant substance in body
- environment for metabolic processes
-required for transport of substance
-regulation of body temperature
2) Food - answer-provides necessary nutrients
-supplies energy
-supplies raw materials for building living tissue
3) Oxygen (gas) - answer-one fifth of air
-used to release energy from nutrients
4) Heat - answer-heat is a form of energy in out environment
- helps maintain body temperature
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
5) Pressure - answer-application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure// important for breathing
-hydrostatic pressure// keeps blood flowing
Identify the parts of a basic homeostatic mechanism. - answer1) receptor
2) control center
3) effector
1) receptor - answerdetects and provides information about the stimuli
2) control center - answerdecision- maker that maintains the set point
3) effector - answermuscle or gland that responds to the control center and causes the
necessary change in the internal enviroment
Organ systems in the human body
-basic functions and major organs - answerintegumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
digestive respiratory
, reproductive
urinary
integumentary system - answerthe skin and its accessory structures such as hair and
nails
-protects deeper tissue from injury
-protection, body temperature regulation, sensory reception, and production of vitamin D
skeletal system - answerbones and ligaments
-protects, supports, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement
-attachment sites, storage of inorganic salts, production of blood cells, and movement
muscular system - answerskeletal muscles and tendons
-allows movement and produce heat (main source)
- maintenance of posture
nervous system - answerbrain, spinal cord, nerves
-fast acting control system, responds to changes
-integration and coordination of organ function through nerve impulses or hormones
endrocrine system - answerpituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas,
ovaries, testes, and thymus
-glands secrete hormones that regulate processes by cells
-integration and coordination of organ function through nerve impulses or hormones
cardiovascular system - answerheart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood
-blood transport stuff around the body
-transportation of gases, nutrients, blood cells, and waste
lymphatic system - answerlymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
-pick up leaked fluid from blood vessels and returns it to blood
-transportation of fluids, lymphocyte production, and body defense
digestive system - answermouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine
-breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
-receives food, excretes waste
respiratory system - answernasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
-keeps blood constantly supplied
-exchange of gases
reproductive system - answermale- scrotum, testes, penis, urethra
female- ovaries, uterine/fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina //provides fetal development and
childbirth
-production of offspring
Anatomy - answer study of the structure/morphology of the human body and its parts
physiology - answer study of the functions of the human body and its parts
List the levels of organization from simplest to most complex. - answer subatomic
particles
atom
molecule
macro-molecule
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
cell - answer-composed of organelles
-the basic units of structure and function of the body
tissue - answerlayer or mass of cells with specific function
organ - answergroup of different tissues with a function
system/ organ system - answergroup of organs with common function
homeostasis - answermaintenance of a stable internal environment
metabolism - answerall of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life
positive feedback loop - answer-homeostatic mechanism
-response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus
-uncommon in body
-short lived
-examples are contractions in labor by oxytocin and platelet plug formation+ blood
clotting
negative feedback loop - answer-homeostatic mechanism
-most feedbacks in the body
-response reduces or shuts off original stimulus/ goes in opposite direction
-examples are regulation of body temperature, regulation of blood glucose by insulin
,Human life depends on what 5 environmental factors? - answer1) water
2) food
3) oxygen
4) heat
5) pressure
1) Water - answer-most abundant substance in body
- environment for metabolic processes
-required for transport of substance
-regulation of body temperature
2) Food - answer-provides necessary nutrients
-supplies energy
-supplies raw materials for building living tissue
3) Oxygen (gas) - answer-one fifth of air
-used to release energy from nutrients
4) Heat - answer-heat is a form of energy in out environment
- helps maintain body temperature
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
5) Pressure - answer-application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure// important for breathing
-hydrostatic pressure// keeps blood flowing
Identify the parts of a basic homeostatic mechanism. - answer1) receptor
2) control center
3) effector
1) receptor - answerdetects and provides information about the stimuli
2) control center - answerdecision- maker that maintains the set point
3) effector - answermuscle or gland that responds to the control center and causes the
necessary change in the internal enviroment
Organ systems in the human body
-basic functions and major organs - answerintegumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
digestive respiratory
, reproductive
urinary
integumentary system - answerthe skin and its accessory structures such as hair and
nails
-protects deeper tissue from injury
-protection, body temperature regulation, sensory reception, and production of vitamin D
skeletal system - answerbones and ligaments
-protects, supports, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement
-attachment sites, storage of inorganic salts, production of blood cells, and movement
muscular system - answerskeletal muscles and tendons
-allows movement and produce heat (main source)
- maintenance of posture
nervous system - answerbrain, spinal cord, nerves
-fast acting control system, responds to changes
-integration and coordination of organ function through nerve impulses or hormones
endrocrine system - answerpituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas,
ovaries, testes, and thymus
-glands secrete hormones that regulate processes by cells
-integration and coordination of organ function through nerve impulses or hormones
cardiovascular system - answerheart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood
-blood transport stuff around the body
-transportation of gases, nutrients, blood cells, and waste
lymphatic system - answerlymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
-pick up leaked fluid from blood vessels and returns it to blood
-transportation of fluids, lymphocyte production, and body defense
digestive system - answermouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine
-breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
-receives food, excretes waste
respiratory system - answernasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
-keeps blood constantly supplied
-exchange of gases
reproductive system - answermale- scrotum, testes, penis, urethra
female- ovaries, uterine/fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina //provides fetal development and
childbirth
-production of offspring
