BIO 201 Test 1 (chapters 1-4)
Anatomy - answer studies structure of body parts and how they relate to one another
Gross Anatomy - answer study of large structures
surface anatomy - answer studies structures as they relate to the surface
cytology - answer study of cells
histology - answer study of tissues
embryology - answer studies developmental changes that occur before birth
chemical level - answer atoms form to combine molecules
tissues - answer groups of similar cells that have a common function
cellular level - answercells are made up of molecules
organ level - answerorgans are made up of different types of tissues
homeostasis - answerpoint of dynamic (changing) equilibrium; body's ability to maintain
a relatively stable internal environment despite ever changing conditions
set point - answerlevel/range of "normal" for whatever variable is being considered
ex: blood glucose levels
receptor - answersensor that monitors environment and responds to changes by
sending information to the control center
control center - answerdetermines set point; analyzes input and determines appropriate
response
effector - answerprovides means for control center's response to the stimulus
What is the correct order of the components of the loops for homeostasis? -
answerstimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector,
response
Negative feedback - answeronce stimulus occurs, and the control center and effector
return the body to the normal position, stimuli stop as to not over-fix the problem
, ex: blood glucose-once glucose levels return to normal, the stimulus for either raising
blood glucose or lowering it ends
Negative feedback is the most common occurrance of homeostatic balancing
Positive feedback - answerhappens in infrequent events that don't need continual
adjustment
ex: giving birth-oxytocin is released which causes contractions to intensify, causing
more oxytocin to be released, causing baby to eventually be expelled. Once baby is
born, the stimulus for oxytocin to be released is shut off
neural (nervous system control) - answerquick, short lived, electrical signals
ex: allows you to get out of the way of danger quickly
hormonal (endocrine control) - answerchemicals sent out in blood stream; slower
process that takes multiple steps; effects are more widespread and longer lasting
because as long as the hormones are in the bloodstream, they affect the body
ex: growth, reproductive capability
axial - answermakes up main axis of body, includes head, neck, and trunk
appendicular - answerconsists of appendages/limbs of body
superior (cranial) - answertoward the head/upper end of body
ex: the head is superior to the body
inferior (caudal) - answeraway from the head/towards the lower part of the body
ex: naval is inferior to the chin
anterior (ventral) - answertoward or at front of body
ex: the breastbone is anterior to the spine
posterior (dorsal) - answertoward back of body/behind
ex: heart is posterior to the breastbone
medial - answertoward middle of body/inner side
ex: heart is medial to the arm
lateral - answeraway from middle of body
ex: arms are lateral to chest
intermediate - answerbetween medial and lateral structure
ex: collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder
proximal - answercloser to origin of body part or point of attachment of limb to trunk
Anatomy - answer studies structure of body parts and how they relate to one another
Gross Anatomy - answer study of large structures
surface anatomy - answer studies structures as they relate to the surface
cytology - answer study of cells
histology - answer study of tissues
embryology - answer studies developmental changes that occur before birth
chemical level - answer atoms form to combine molecules
tissues - answer groups of similar cells that have a common function
cellular level - answercells are made up of molecules
organ level - answerorgans are made up of different types of tissues
homeostasis - answerpoint of dynamic (changing) equilibrium; body's ability to maintain
a relatively stable internal environment despite ever changing conditions
set point - answerlevel/range of "normal" for whatever variable is being considered
ex: blood glucose levels
receptor - answersensor that monitors environment and responds to changes by
sending information to the control center
control center - answerdetermines set point; analyzes input and determines appropriate
response
effector - answerprovides means for control center's response to the stimulus
What is the correct order of the components of the loops for homeostasis? -
answerstimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector,
response
Negative feedback - answeronce stimulus occurs, and the control center and effector
return the body to the normal position, stimuli stop as to not over-fix the problem
, ex: blood glucose-once glucose levels return to normal, the stimulus for either raising
blood glucose or lowering it ends
Negative feedback is the most common occurrance of homeostatic balancing
Positive feedback - answerhappens in infrequent events that don't need continual
adjustment
ex: giving birth-oxytocin is released which causes contractions to intensify, causing
more oxytocin to be released, causing baby to eventually be expelled. Once baby is
born, the stimulus for oxytocin to be released is shut off
neural (nervous system control) - answerquick, short lived, electrical signals
ex: allows you to get out of the way of danger quickly
hormonal (endocrine control) - answerchemicals sent out in blood stream; slower
process that takes multiple steps; effects are more widespread and longer lasting
because as long as the hormones are in the bloodstream, they affect the body
ex: growth, reproductive capability
axial - answermakes up main axis of body, includes head, neck, and trunk
appendicular - answerconsists of appendages/limbs of body
superior (cranial) - answertoward the head/upper end of body
ex: the head is superior to the body
inferior (caudal) - answeraway from the head/towards the lower part of the body
ex: naval is inferior to the chin
anterior (ventral) - answertoward or at front of body
ex: the breastbone is anterior to the spine
posterior (dorsal) - answertoward back of body/behind
ex: heart is posterior to the breastbone
medial - answertoward middle of body/inner side
ex: heart is medial to the arm
lateral - answeraway from middle of body
ex: arms are lateral to chest
intermediate - answerbetween medial and lateral structure
ex: collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder
proximal - answercloser to origin of body part or point of attachment of limb to trunk
