Cursussamenvatting stad in beweging
GEO1-7001
Introducerend:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jd3yr1-BIM8
https://www.ams-institute.org/news/how-city-awakes/
LEERDOELEN
De student is in staat om:
• Kernconcepten als tijd, ruimte en plaats toe te lichten en toe te passen op stedelijke
sociaalgeografische en planologische thema’s zoals wonen, werken en recreëren.
• Veranderingen in de stedelijke context te duiden vanuit verschillende (historische) visies
op deze thema’s.
• De wijzen waarop deze sociaalgeografische en planologische thema’s tot uitdrukking
komen in en vanuit de Utrechtse context te herkennen en te interpreteren.
• Op elementair niveau beschrijvende secundaire geografische gegevens te verzamelen
en te interpreteren.
,Urban geography chapter 3; Urban form and structure:
- Urban form important root urban geography
➔ Studies back 19th century
➔ Physical characteristics + why location + how development
- 20th century urban morphogenetic study
➔ More detailed studies urban forms
➔ Considered forces creating them
Geographers, historians, architects
- studies urban form remained descriptive till 1960’s, then geography embraced scientific
+ structural approaches
➔ so studies of urban development and the ‘shape’ of the city dominated by studies of
function and land use
o building/space container activities (vorm+gebruik)
➔ consideration city complex physical entity disappeared
- 1980’s urban form resurgence, stimulance different disciplines around the world
Urban origins
- First cities Mesopotamia 5000/6000 BC
- Further urban growth; Indus Valley, Egypt, China, Central Andes, Mediterranean,
Mesoamerica, West-Afrika
➔ Human control; animals, crops, irrigation
➔ Defensive/religious needs
➔ Little evidence diffusion urban ideas, only Greek and Roman Empire evidence
- Model pre-industrial city: prestige buildings, religious complexes + residence elite centre
→ dominant, groot belang t.o.v economische zorgen
- Ten rings of decreasing social status, ordened by job and ethnicity
- Plan organic structure, irregular, not formal planned (but there was planning, medieval)
- Modern cities, development because of 18e industrialization and 15e colonialism
(export ideas city building)
➔ New urban centres based on exploitation resources
➔ New cities political centres colonial control/trade
➔ Existing cities colonial extensions were added
Industrial city
- Burgess: city ‘social organism’, conceptualise suburbanization
- Hoyt’s: based on urban land economies
➔ sectoral pattern high rent areas
➔ high status sectors routes radiating out from centre
➔ wealthier residents moving out city centre
- Ullman: range of local conditions important to the location and clustering of various
land uses
➔ social state intervention important role
Suburban areas cities great variety
➔ pace/style development related to booms and slumps
➔ house building cycles, innovation transport technology, architects, developers,
planners involved
, ➔ 19th century Europe, N-America, ≈ regular grid, easily parcel up land for sale +
maximization number buildings
➔ 20th suburb more open, organic
Lonzen 1978: industrialization changes street plan, widening, straightening + breakthrough
streets, new transport forms + increasing volume traffic. Skyscraper, increasing scale building
forms, competition land business environment + personal ambitions.
The colonial and post-colonial city
- Colonizers new settlements control points trade/rule
➔ Grid plan, only occasionally existing settlements utilized → Mexico city
- Colonizers new accommodation alongside indigenous settlements, retain distance
populations → dual city
➔ Architecture fusion indigenous(inheems)/colonial traditions
- Post-colonial independence; desire to modernize
➔ Develop economies to incorporate new industrial and commercial functions (forms
Europe, N-America, high-rise CBD office + factory areas
➔ Urban convergence = urban environment becoming similar and ‘placeless’ around
the world
- Socio-economic models/ Third World City
➔ krottenwijken rand stad, enclaves higher status centrum → gated residential
➔ structure pre-industrial city not suburban industrial
➔ sociale ongelijkheden, hoge immigratiegraad armere landelijke gebieden naar deze
steden + woningnood
➔ steden op wereldschaal nog relatief arm en afhankelijk relaties grotere post-
industriële economieën
The post-modern city
➔ city not the recognizable single coherent entity anymore (post-Fordist) like the
modern city
➔ more chaotic in structure, fragmenting into a series of independent settlements,
economies, societies and cultures
→ galatic metropolis, urban form stars in space, not a metropolitan
growing steadily outward of a single centre
- 6 emergent trends/’geographies of restructuring’ Edward Sonja
1. Restructuring economic base urbanization (opkomende sectoren: zakelijke
dienstverlening, technologie, cultuur, entertainment/kennis)
2. Formation global system, World Cities
3. Changing social structure urbanization (toenemende economische/sociale/culturele
ongelijkheden → nieuw patroon → segregatie/polarisatie)
4. Emergence ‘edge cities’/’exopolis’
5. Rise of ‘paranoid’/carceral architecture (protection, surveillance, exclusion)
6. Radical change urban imagery, entrepreneurial city, entertainment, simulation
landscapes, imaginations of alternatives ‘dreadful reality’ cities → themed malls
Fortress landscape = landscapes which are designed around security, protection, surveillance
and exclusion → obsession control/protection (post-modern metropolis), also key feature post-
modern form ‘decentering’ of the city, multiple centers/edge cities (rival/replace downtown
dominance), Dubai; cities within cities, fragmented urban layout.
, Utrecht in beweging:
→Letterlijke uitbreiding
→Planologische ideeën en denken
inrichting
→Gemeentewerk
(klusjes/vuilnismannen)
Geografische manier van kijken:
Wat is waar? Waarom is het daar? Hoe verandert het?
Hoe beïnvloedt de omgeving de mens? En vice versa?
• Ruimte (absoluut, relatief)
↘ als interactie (relational space) → connectie tussen plekken
• Plaats (ruimte met betekenis → sociaal, politiek, cultureel, economisch)
↘ gezamenlijk, individueel
• Interactie
• Tijd (korte termijn: dag vs nacht, lange termijn: verandering woonpatroon, vestiging
bedrijven)
• Beweging (individu en plaats)
Time-space prism → individu als plaats
Louis Wirth kenmerken stad:
1. Grootte
2. Bevolkingsdichtheid
3. Permanentie
4. Heterogeniteit (veel verschillende achtergronden)
Utrecht haar locatie:
➔ Traiectum, doorwaakbare plaats, gunstig
➔ Splitsing van de Rijn en de Vecht:
o Drink- en viswater
o Militair strategisch
o Handel
GEO1-7001
Introducerend:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jd3yr1-BIM8
https://www.ams-institute.org/news/how-city-awakes/
LEERDOELEN
De student is in staat om:
• Kernconcepten als tijd, ruimte en plaats toe te lichten en toe te passen op stedelijke
sociaalgeografische en planologische thema’s zoals wonen, werken en recreëren.
• Veranderingen in de stedelijke context te duiden vanuit verschillende (historische) visies
op deze thema’s.
• De wijzen waarop deze sociaalgeografische en planologische thema’s tot uitdrukking
komen in en vanuit de Utrechtse context te herkennen en te interpreteren.
• Op elementair niveau beschrijvende secundaire geografische gegevens te verzamelen
en te interpreteren.
,Urban geography chapter 3; Urban form and structure:
- Urban form important root urban geography
➔ Studies back 19th century
➔ Physical characteristics + why location + how development
- 20th century urban morphogenetic study
➔ More detailed studies urban forms
➔ Considered forces creating them
Geographers, historians, architects
- studies urban form remained descriptive till 1960’s, then geography embraced scientific
+ structural approaches
➔ so studies of urban development and the ‘shape’ of the city dominated by studies of
function and land use
o building/space container activities (vorm+gebruik)
➔ consideration city complex physical entity disappeared
- 1980’s urban form resurgence, stimulance different disciplines around the world
Urban origins
- First cities Mesopotamia 5000/6000 BC
- Further urban growth; Indus Valley, Egypt, China, Central Andes, Mediterranean,
Mesoamerica, West-Afrika
➔ Human control; animals, crops, irrigation
➔ Defensive/religious needs
➔ Little evidence diffusion urban ideas, only Greek and Roman Empire evidence
- Model pre-industrial city: prestige buildings, religious complexes + residence elite centre
→ dominant, groot belang t.o.v economische zorgen
- Ten rings of decreasing social status, ordened by job and ethnicity
- Plan organic structure, irregular, not formal planned (but there was planning, medieval)
- Modern cities, development because of 18e industrialization and 15e colonialism
(export ideas city building)
➔ New urban centres based on exploitation resources
➔ New cities political centres colonial control/trade
➔ Existing cities colonial extensions were added
Industrial city
- Burgess: city ‘social organism’, conceptualise suburbanization
- Hoyt’s: based on urban land economies
➔ sectoral pattern high rent areas
➔ high status sectors routes radiating out from centre
➔ wealthier residents moving out city centre
- Ullman: range of local conditions important to the location and clustering of various
land uses
➔ social state intervention important role
Suburban areas cities great variety
➔ pace/style development related to booms and slumps
➔ house building cycles, innovation transport technology, architects, developers,
planners involved
, ➔ 19th century Europe, N-America, ≈ regular grid, easily parcel up land for sale +
maximization number buildings
➔ 20th suburb more open, organic
Lonzen 1978: industrialization changes street plan, widening, straightening + breakthrough
streets, new transport forms + increasing volume traffic. Skyscraper, increasing scale building
forms, competition land business environment + personal ambitions.
The colonial and post-colonial city
- Colonizers new settlements control points trade/rule
➔ Grid plan, only occasionally existing settlements utilized → Mexico city
- Colonizers new accommodation alongside indigenous settlements, retain distance
populations → dual city
➔ Architecture fusion indigenous(inheems)/colonial traditions
- Post-colonial independence; desire to modernize
➔ Develop economies to incorporate new industrial and commercial functions (forms
Europe, N-America, high-rise CBD office + factory areas
➔ Urban convergence = urban environment becoming similar and ‘placeless’ around
the world
- Socio-economic models/ Third World City
➔ krottenwijken rand stad, enclaves higher status centrum → gated residential
➔ structure pre-industrial city not suburban industrial
➔ sociale ongelijkheden, hoge immigratiegraad armere landelijke gebieden naar deze
steden + woningnood
➔ steden op wereldschaal nog relatief arm en afhankelijk relaties grotere post-
industriële economieën
The post-modern city
➔ city not the recognizable single coherent entity anymore (post-Fordist) like the
modern city
➔ more chaotic in structure, fragmenting into a series of independent settlements,
economies, societies and cultures
→ galatic metropolis, urban form stars in space, not a metropolitan
growing steadily outward of a single centre
- 6 emergent trends/’geographies of restructuring’ Edward Sonja
1. Restructuring economic base urbanization (opkomende sectoren: zakelijke
dienstverlening, technologie, cultuur, entertainment/kennis)
2. Formation global system, World Cities
3. Changing social structure urbanization (toenemende economische/sociale/culturele
ongelijkheden → nieuw patroon → segregatie/polarisatie)
4. Emergence ‘edge cities’/’exopolis’
5. Rise of ‘paranoid’/carceral architecture (protection, surveillance, exclusion)
6. Radical change urban imagery, entrepreneurial city, entertainment, simulation
landscapes, imaginations of alternatives ‘dreadful reality’ cities → themed malls
Fortress landscape = landscapes which are designed around security, protection, surveillance
and exclusion → obsession control/protection (post-modern metropolis), also key feature post-
modern form ‘decentering’ of the city, multiple centers/edge cities (rival/replace downtown
dominance), Dubai; cities within cities, fragmented urban layout.
, Utrecht in beweging:
→Letterlijke uitbreiding
→Planologische ideeën en denken
inrichting
→Gemeentewerk
(klusjes/vuilnismannen)
Geografische manier van kijken:
Wat is waar? Waarom is het daar? Hoe verandert het?
Hoe beïnvloedt de omgeving de mens? En vice versa?
• Ruimte (absoluut, relatief)
↘ als interactie (relational space) → connectie tussen plekken
• Plaats (ruimte met betekenis → sociaal, politiek, cultureel, economisch)
↘ gezamenlijk, individueel
• Interactie
• Tijd (korte termijn: dag vs nacht, lange termijn: verandering woonpatroon, vestiging
bedrijven)
• Beweging (individu en plaats)
Time-space prism → individu als plaats
Louis Wirth kenmerken stad:
1. Grootte
2. Bevolkingsdichtheid
3. Permanentie
4. Heterogeniteit (veel verschillende achtergronden)
Utrecht haar locatie:
➔ Traiectum, doorwaakbare plaats, gunstig
➔ Splitsing van de Rijn en de Vecht:
o Drink- en viswater
o Militair strategisch
o Handel
