drugs, preventing others from manufacturing generic versions and keeping prices high.
This creates an ethical dilemma between rewarding innovation and ensuring access to
affordable healthcare.From a legal perspective, patent laws grant exclusive rights to
inventors, but these rights are sometimes criticized for restricting access to essential
medicines. Efforts to balance the rights of pharmaceutical companies with public health
concerns include the use of compulsory licensing, which allows governments to override
patents in certain circumstances to provide access to generic versions of drugs.#### 14.2
**Cultural Appropriation and Copyright**Cultural appropriation is the practice of
borrowing or imitating elements of a culture, often without understanding its significance
or respecting its origins. This raises ethical
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
John G. Proakis
Masoud Salehi
2nd Ed.
ISBN 0-13-061793-8
i
, Conents
PREFACE xi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Historical Review 1
1.2 Elements of an Electrical Communication System 4
1.2.1 Digital Communication System, 7
1.2.2 Early Work in Digital Communications, 10
1.3 Communication Channels and Their Characteristics 12
1.4 Mathematical Models for Communication Channels 19
1.5 Organization of the Book 22
1.6 Further Reading 23
drugs, preventing others from manufacturing generic versions and keeping prices high. This
creates an ethical dilemma between rewarding innovation and ensuring access to affordable
healthcare.From a legal perspective, patent laws grant exclusive rights to inventors, but these
rights are sometimes criticized for restricting access to essential medicines. Efforts to balance
the rights of pharmaceutical companies with public health concerns include the use of
compulsory licensing, which allows governments to override patents in certain circumstances to
provide access to generic versions of drugs.#### 14.2 **Cultural Appropriation and
Copyright**Cultural appropriation is the practice of borrowing or imitating elements of a
culture, often without understanding its significance or respecting its origins. This raises ethical
2 FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF SIGNALS
AND SYSTEMS 24
2.1 Fourier Series 24
, 2.1.1 Fourier Series for Real Signals: the Trigonometric Fourier Series, 29
2.2 Fourier Transforms 31
2.2.1 Fourier Transform of Real, Even, and Odd Signals, 35
iv Contents
2.2.2 Basic Properties of the Fourier Transform, 36
2.2.3 Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals, 39
2.3 Power and Energy 40
2.3.1 Energy-Type Signals, 41
2.3.2 Power-Type Signals, 42
2.4 Sampling of Bandlimited Signals 45
2.5 Bandpass Signals 49
2.6 Further Reading 57
Problems 57
drugs, preventing others from manufacturing generic versions and keeping prices high. This creates
an ethical dilemma between rewarding innovation and ensuring access to affordable
healthcare.From a legal perspective, patent laws grant exclusive rights to inventors, but these rights
are sometimes criticized for restricting access to essential medicines. Efforts to balance the rights of
pharmaceutical companies with public health concerns include the use of compulsory licensing,
which allows governments to override patents in certain circumstances to provide access to generic
versions of drugs.#### 14.2 **Cultural Appropriation and Copyright**Cultural appropriation is the
practice of borrowing or imitating elements of a culture, often without understanding its
significance or respecting its origins. This raises ethical
3 ANALOG SIGNAL TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION 70
3.1 Introduction to Modulation 70
3.2 Amplitude Modulation (AM) 71
3.2.1 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier AM, 71
3.2.2 Conventional Amplitude Modulation, 78
3.2.3 Single-Sideband AM, 81
3.2.4 Vestigial-Sideband AM, 85
3.2.5 Implementation of AM Modulators and Demodulators, 88
3.2.6 Signal Multiplexing, 94
3.3 Angle Modulation 96
3.3.1 Representation of FM and PM Signals, 97
3.3.2 Spectral Characteristics of Angle-Modulated Signals, 101
3.3.3 Implementation of Angle Modulators and Demodulators, 107
3.4 Radio and Television Broadcasting 115
3.4.1 AM Radio Broadcasting, 115
3.4.2 FM Radio Broadcasting, 116
3.4.3 Television Broadcasting, 120
3.5 Mobile Radio Systems 128
3.6 Further Reading 131
Problems 131
, 4 RANDOM PROCESSES 144
4.1 Probability and Random Variables 144
4.2 Random Processes: Basic Concepts 159
4.2.1 Description of Random Processes, 162
4.2.2 Statistical Averages, 164
4.2.3 Stationary Processes, 166
4.2.4 Random Processes and Linear Systems, 174
drugs, preventing others from manufacturing generic versions and keeping prices high.
This creates an ethical dilemma between rewarding innovation and ensuring access to
affordable healthcare.From a legal perspective, patent laws grant exclusive rights to
inventors, but these rights are sometimes criticized for restricting access to essential
medicines. Efforts to balance the rights of pharmaceutical companies with public health
concerns include the use of compulsory licensing, which allows governments to override
patents in certain circumstances to provide access to generic versions of drugs.#### 14.2
**Cultural Appropriation and Copyright**Cultural appropriation is the practice of
borrowing or imitating elements of a culture, often without understanding its significance
or respecting its origins. This raises ethical
Contents v
4.3 Random Processes in the Frequency Domain 177
4.3.1 Power Spectrum of Stochastic Processes, 177
4.3.2 Transmission over LTI Systems, 183
4.4 Gaussian and White Processes 186
4.4.1 Gaussian Processes, 186
4.4.2 White Processes, 188
4.5 Bandlimited Processes and Sampling 192
4.6 Bandpass Processes 194
4.7 Further Reading 201
Problems 202
5 EFFECT OF NOISE ON ANALOG COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS 217
5.1 Effect of Noise on Linear-Modulation Systems 217
5.1.1 Effect of Noise on a Baseband System, 218
5.1.2 Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM, 218
5.1.3 Effect of Noise on SSB AM, 220
5.1.4 Effect of Noise on Conventional AM, 221
5.2 Carrier-Phase Estimation with a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) 225
5.2.1 The Phase-Locked Loop (PLL), 226
5.2.2 Effect of Additive Noise on Phase Estimation, 229
5.3 Effect of Noise on Angle Modulation 234
5.3.1 Threshold Effect in Angle Modulation, 244
5.3.2 Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Filtering, 248
5.4 Comparison of Analog-Modulation Systems 251
5.5 Effects of Transmission Losses and Noise in Analog
This creates an ethical dilemma between rewarding innovation and ensuring access to
affordable healthcare.From a legal perspective, patent laws grant exclusive rights to
inventors, but these rights are sometimes criticized for restricting access to essential
medicines. Efforts to balance the rights of pharmaceutical companies with public health
concerns include the use of compulsory licensing, which allows governments to override
patents in certain circumstances to provide access to generic versions of drugs.#### 14.2
**Cultural Appropriation and Copyright**Cultural appropriation is the practice of
borrowing or imitating elements of a culture, often without understanding its significance
or respecting its origins. This raises ethical
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
John G. Proakis
Masoud Salehi
2nd Ed.
ISBN 0-13-061793-8
i
, Conents
PREFACE xi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Historical Review 1
1.2 Elements of an Electrical Communication System 4
1.2.1 Digital Communication System, 7
1.2.2 Early Work in Digital Communications, 10
1.3 Communication Channels and Their Characteristics 12
1.4 Mathematical Models for Communication Channels 19
1.5 Organization of the Book 22
1.6 Further Reading 23
drugs, preventing others from manufacturing generic versions and keeping prices high. This
creates an ethical dilemma between rewarding innovation and ensuring access to affordable
healthcare.From a legal perspective, patent laws grant exclusive rights to inventors, but these
rights are sometimes criticized for restricting access to essential medicines. Efforts to balance
the rights of pharmaceutical companies with public health concerns include the use of
compulsory licensing, which allows governments to override patents in certain circumstances to
provide access to generic versions of drugs.#### 14.2 **Cultural Appropriation and
Copyright**Cultural appropriation is the practice of borrowing or imitating elements of a
culture, often without understanding its significance or respecting its origins. This raises ethical
2 FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF SIGNALS
AND SYSTEMS 24
2.1 Fourier Series 24
, 2.1.1 Fourier Series for Real Signals: the Trigonometric Fourier Series, 29
2.2 Fourier Transforms 31
2.2.1 Fourier Transform of Real, Even, and Odd Signals, 35
iv Contents
2.2.2 Basic Properties of the Fourier Transform, 36
2.2.3 Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals, 39
2.3 Power and Energy 40
2.3.1 Energy-Type Signals, 41
2.3.2 Power-Type Signals, 42
2.4 Sampling of Bandlimited Signals 45
2.5 Bandpass Signals 49
2.6 Further Reading 57
Problems 57
drugs, preventing others from manufacturing generic versions and keeping prices high. This creates
an ethical dilemma between rewarding innovation and ensuring access to affordable
healthcare.From a legal perspective, patent laws grant exclusive rights to inventors, but these rights
are sometimes criticized for restricting access to essential medicines. Efforts to balance the rights of
pharmaceutical companies with public health concerns include the use of compulsory licensing,
which allows governments to override patents in certain circumstances to provide access to generic
versions of drugs.#### 14.2 **Cultural Appropriation and Copyright**Cultural appropriation is the
practice of borrowing or imitating elements of a culture, often without understanding its
significance or respecting its origins. This raises ethical
3 ANALOG SIGNAL TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION 70
3.1 Introduction to Modulation 70
3.2 Amplitude Modulation (AM) 71
3.2.1 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier AM, 71
3.2.2 Conventional Amplitude Modulation, 78
3.2.3 Single-Sideband AM, 81
3.2.4 Vestigial-Sideband AM, 85
3.2.5 Implementation of AM Modulators and Demodulators, 88
3.2.6 Signal Multiplexing, 94
3.3 Angle Modulation 96
3.3.1 Representation of FM and PM Signals, 97
3.3.2 Spectral Characteristics of Angle-Modulated Signals, 101
3.3.3 Implementation of Angle Modulators and Demodulators, 107
3.4 Radio and Television Broadcasting 115
3.4.1 AM Radio Broadcasting, 115
3.4.2 FM Radio Broadcasting, 116
3.4.3 Television Broadcasting, 120
3.5 Mobile Radio Systems 128
3.6 Further Reading 131
Problems 131
, 4 RANDOM PROCESSES 144
4.1 Probability and Random Variables 144
4.2 Random Processes: Basic Concepts 159
4.2.1 Description of Random Processes, 162
4.2.2 Statistical Averages, 164
4.2.3 Stationary Processes, 166
4.2.4 Random Processes and Linear Systems, 174
drugs, preventing others from manufacturing generic versions and keeping prices high.
This creates an ethical dilemma between rewarding innovation and ensuring access to
affordable healthcare.From a legal perspective, patent laws grant exclusive rights to
inventors, but these rights are sometimes criticized for restricting access to essential
medicines. Efforts to balance the rights of pharmaceutical companies with public health
concerns include the use of compulsory licensing, which allows governments to override
patents in certain circumstances to provide access to generic versions of drugs.#### 14.2
**Cultural Appropriation and Copyright**Cultural appropriation is the practice of
borrowing or imitating elements of a culture, often without understanding its significance
or respecting its origins. This raises ethical
Contents v
4.3 Random Processes in the Frequency Domain 177
4.3.1 Power Spectrum of Stochastic Processes, 177
4.3.2 Transmission over LTI Systems, 183
4.4 Gaussian and White Processes 186
4.4.1 Gaussian Processes, 186
4.4.2 White Processes, 188
4.5 Bandlimited Processes and Sampling 192
4.6 Bandpass Processes 194
4.7 Further Reading 201
Problems 202
5 EFFECT OF NOISE ON ANALOG COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS 217
5.1 Effect of Noise on Linear-Modulation Systems 217
5.1.1 Effect of Noise on a Baseband System, 218
5.1.2 Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM, 218
5.1.3 Effect of Noise on SSB AM, 220
5.1.4 Effect of Noise on Conventional AM, 221
5.2 Carrier-Phase Estimation with a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) 225
5.2.1 The Phase-Locked Loop (PLL), 226
5.2.2 Effect of Additive Noise on Phase Estimation, 229
5.3 Effect of Noise on Angle Modulation 234
5.3.1 Threshold Effect in Angle Modulation, 244
5.3.2 Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Filtering, 248
5.4 Comparison of Analog-Modulation Systems 251
5.5 Effects of Transmission Losses and Noise in Analog
