Expressing Conc
Types
Mass by volume percentage (w/v)
Mass percentage (w/w)
Parts per million : For trace q
Gaseous Liquid Solid
Mass of solute No.
Gas-Gas → Mixture of O2 and N2 Gas-Liquid → O2 dissolved in water Gas-Solid → O2 in Pd 100
Volume ofsolution Mass of component in solution
100 Total N
Liquid-Gas → Chloroform with N2 Liquid-Liquid → Ethanol dissolved in water Liquid-Solid → Amalgam of Hg with Na Total mass of solution
Solid-Gas → Camphor in N2 Solid-Liquid → Glucose dissolved in water Solid-Solid → Cu dissolved in gold Vo lume percentage (v/v)
No. of parts of components ×
PHYS
Volume of component Total no. parts of components of
100
Total volume of solution
SOLUTIONS Osmotic pressure
Colligative properties
=CRT
Kf× W
Depression in freezing point Tf =
WALL
M2
Endothermic ∆ sol H > 0, Solubility Increases at high temp. Kb× 1000
Elevation of boiling point Tb =
M2 x
Effect of temperature
W
Relative lowering of vapour pressure
Exothermic ∆ sol H < 0, Solubility decreases at high temp. (for dilute solutions) M2
Solid in liquid
Effect of Pressure Not significant
Raoult’s Law
Solubility
For any solution, the partial vapo
of each volatile component is dir
to its mole fraction in solution ph
Effect of temperature Increases with decrease in temperature
Gas in liquid Azeotropes:
Types
Mass by volume percentage (w/v)
Mass percentage (w/w)
Parts per million : For trace q
Gaseous Liquid Solid
Mass of solute No.
Gas-Gas → Mixture of O2 and N2 Gas-Liquid → O2 dissolved in water Gas-Solid → O2 in Pd 100
Volume ofsolution Mass of component in solution
100 Total N
Liquid-Gas → Chloroform with N2 Liquid-Liquid → Ethanol dissolved in water Liquid-Solid → Amalgam of Hg with Na Total mass of solution
Solid-Gas → Camphor in N2 Solid-Liquid → Glucose dissolved in water Solid-Solid → Cu dissolved in gold Vo lume percentage (v/v)
No. of parts of components ×
PHYS
Volume of component Total no. parts of components of
100
Total volume of solution
SOLUTIONS Osmotic pressure
Colligative properties
=CRT
Kf× W
Depression in freezing point Tf =
WALL
M2
Endothermic ∆ sol H > 0, Solubility Increases at high temp. Kb× 1000
Elevation of boiling point Tb =
M2 x
Effect of temperature
W
Relative lowering of vapour pressure
Exothermic ∆ sol H < 0, Solubility decreases at high temp. (for dilute solutions) M2
Solid in liquid
Effect of Pressure Not significant
Raoult’s Law
Solubility
For any solution, the partial vapo
of each volatile component is dir
to its mole fraction in solution ph
Effect of temperature Increases with decrease in temperature
Gas in liquid Azeotropes:
