Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology/ Questions and answers 2025 accuracy 100% solutions

Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology/ Questions and answers 2025 accuracy 100% solutions 12-20 per minute What should the nurse be assessing when observing respiration? - ANSWER Rate, rhythm and depth What is the normal blood pressure of an adult? - ANSWER 120/80 Older adults may experience this variation in blood pressure - ANSWER Isolated systolic hypertension 140/90 Describe the subjective components of the pain assessment - ANSWER Pain is whatever the client says it is, directly quote description of pain use COLDSPA mneumonic Describe the objective components of pain assessment - ANSWER Use of pain assessment tools What are three types of pain assessment tools? - ANSWER Visual analog scale (VAS), numeric pain intensity scale (NRS) and simple descriptive pain intensity scale (VDS) What are the three classifications of pain? - ANSWER Acute pain, chronic nonmalignant pain and cancer pain This type of pain is usually associated with a recent injury - ANSWER Acute pain This type of pain is usually associated with a specific cause or injury and described as a constant pain that persists for more than six months - ANSWER Chronic nonmalignant pain This type of pain is usually due to the compression of peripheral nerves or meninges or from the damage to these structures following surgery, chemo, radiation or tumor growth and infiltration - ANSWER Cancer pain When converting inches to centimeters what is the conversion factor? - ANSWER Multiply by 2.54 When converting pounds to kilograms what is the conversion factor? - ANSWER Divide by 2.2 Define mental status - ANSWER Client's level of cognitive and emotional functioning and stability reflected in their speech, appearance and thought patterns Normal findings for level of consciousness - ANSWER Client is alert, awake and orientated to time, place, date and purpose. Responds to questions and answers appropriately Define lethargy - ANSWER Client opens eyes, answers questions and falls back asleep Define obtunded - ANSWER Client opens eyes to loud voice, responds slowly with confusion and seems unaware of environment Define stupor - ANSWER Client awakens to vigorous shake or painful stimuli but returns to unresponsive sleep Define coma - ANSWER Client remains unresponsive to all stimuli, eyes stay closed Define decorticate posture - ANSWER aka Abnormal flexor posture, client with lesions of the corticospinal tract draws hands up to chest when stimulated Define decerebrate posture - ANSWER aka Abnormal extensor posture, client with lesions of the diencephalon, midbrain or pons extends arms and legs arches neck and rotates hands and arms internally when stimulated What is the subjective component of a nutritional assessment? - ANSWER Client interview which may include a 24 hour dietary recall What is the objective component of a nutritional assessment? - ANSWER Anthropometric measurements are used to evaluate the client's physical growth, development and nutritional status as well as physical examination and hydration assessment What are the three anthropometric measurements? - ANSWER Triceps skinfold (TSF), Mid upper arm circumference (MUAC), Arm muscle circumference (AMC) What are some indicators of good nutritional status? - ANSWER Alert, energetic, good endurance, good posture, good attention span, psychological stability, weight within range for height, age and body type, no skeletal changes, eyes bright and clear, shiny hair, skin glowing, elastic, good turgor, smooth, healthy reflexes What are some indicators of poor nutritional status? - ANSWER Withdrawn, apathetic, easily fatigued, stooped posture, inattentive, irritable, overweight or underweight, flaccid muscles, wasted appearance, diminished reflexes, skin dull, pasty, scaly, dry, bruised, eyes dull, hair brittle, skeletal malformations What factors influence dietary habits? - ANSWER Lower socioeconomic status, long working hours and fast food consumption, poor food choices, chronic dieting, chronic diseases, dental issues, limited access to sufficient food, eating disorders, illness or trauma What BMI is considered obese? - ANSWER 30-34.9 What waist circumference measurement is considered to put the client at risk for disease? - ANSWER 35 inches or greater for women and 40 inches or greater for men How is BMI calculated? - ANSWER Weight in kg/height in meters squared What is spirituality? - ANSWER One's search for life's meaning and purpose What is religion? - ANSWER Shared practices and rituals used to express one's faith What is a spiritual assessment? - ANSWER An assessment used to determine a client's spiritual needs What is spiritual care? - ANSWER Actions used to assist the client in meeting spiritual needs What are the three types of normal breath sounds? - ANSWER Bronchial, bronchovesicular and vesicular Where are bronchial sounds heard? - ANSWER In the trachea and thorax Where are bronchovesicular sounds heard? - ANSWER Over the major bronchi: between the scapulae, around the upper sternum in the first and second ICS Where are vesicular sounds heard? - ANSWER In the peripheral lung fields What pitch do bronchial sounds have? - ANSWER High pitched What pitch do bronchovesicular sounds have? - ANSWER Moderate pitch What pitch do vesicular sounds have? - ANSWER Low pitched When assessing breath sounds what do you need to note? - ANSWER Pitch, quality and amplitude What amplitude do each of the 3 breath sounds have? - ANSWER B-loud, BV-moderate, V-soft What breath sound is short during inspiration and long during expiration? - ANSWER Bronchial What breath sound is the same during inspiration and expiration? - ANSWER Bronchovesicular What breath sound is long during inspiration and short during expiration? - ANSWER Vesicular Which lung lobe is located from 3cm above the medial 1/3 of the clavicle to the 4th rib at the right sternal border to the 5th rib at the midaxillary line to T3-T1 - ANSWER Right upper lobe This fissure seperates the RUL from the RML - ANSWER Horizontal fissure Where is the right middle lobe located? - ANSWER From the 4th rib at the right sternal border to the 5th rib at the midaxillary line to the 6th rib at the midclavicular line This fissure seperates the RML from the RLL as well as the LUL from the LLL - ANSWER Oblique fissure This lung lobe is located from the 6th rib at the MCL to the 5th rib at the MAL to T3-T10 to the 8th rib at the MAL - ANSWER Right lower lobe Where is the left upper lobe located? - ANSWER From 3cm above the medial 1/3 of the clavicle to the 6th rib at the MCL to the 5th rib at the MAL to T3-T1 Where is the left lower lobe located? - ANSWER From the 6th rib at the MCL to the 5th rib at the MAL to T3-T10 to the 8th rib at the MAL Where is S1 best heard? - ANSWER At the apex of the heart Where is S2 best heard? - ANSWER At the base of the heart What are the 5 sites of auscultation for normal heart sounds? - ANSWER Aortic area, pulmonic area, erb's point, tricuspid area and mitral (apical) area Why is it important to only palpate one carotid artery at a time? - ANSWER Bilateral palpation of the carotid arteries can result in reduced cerebral blood flow How long should you palpate/auscultate the apical pulse for? - ANSWER 60 seconds Where is the aortic area of the heart? - ANSWER 2nd ICS right Where is the pulmonic area of the heart? - ANSWER 2nd ICS left Where is erb's point of the heart? - ANSWER 3rd ICS left Where is the tricuspid area of the heart? - ANSWER 4th ICS left Where is the mitral (apical) area of the heart? - ANSWER 5th-6th ICS midclavicular S1 can be described as this sound - ANSWER LUB S2 can be described as this sound - ANSWER DUB S1 represents - ANSWER Systole