NR 547 Advanced Pathophysiology – Final Exam (100 Questions with
Answers) Latest update 2024/2025.
1. What is the primary role of the sodium-potassium pump in cells?
A. Synthesizing proteins
B. Generating ATP
C. Maintaining resting membrane potential
D. Facilitating calcium influx
Answer: C – Maintaining resting membrane potential
Rationale: The Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase actively maintains ion gradients, which are vital for cell
excitability.
2. A 28-year-old woman with asthma presents with wheezing and shortness of breath. Which
pathophysiological mechanism is primarily responsible?
A. Pulmonary fibrosis
B. Loss of surfactant
C. Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
D. Destruction of alveolar walls
Answer: C – Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
Rationale: Asthma is characterized by hyperresponsiveness, leading to airway narrowing.
3. Which immune cell type is primarily responsible for producing antibodies?
A. Macrophages
B. B lymphocytes
C. T helper cells
D. NK cells
,Answer: B – B lymphocytes
Rationale: B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibodies.
4. A patient is admitted with a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). What key lab findings
are expected?
A. Metabolic alkalosis and hypoglycemia
B. Respiratory acidosis and low ketones
C. Hyperglycemia, low pH, positive serum ketones
D. Normal glucose and elevated sodium
Answer: C – Hyperglycemia, low pH, positive serum ketones
Rationale: DKA results from insulin deficiency, leading to ketosis and acidosis.
5. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE and is responsible for anaphylaxis?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer: A – Type I
Rationale: Type I reactions are immediate
6. A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. What is the most likely cause?
A. Hemolysis
B. Iron deficiency
C. Erythropoietin deficiency
D. Vitamin B12 deficiency
Answer: C – Erythropoietin deficiency
Rationale: Damaged kidneys produce less erythropoietin, leading to reduced RBC production.
,---
7. Which of the following is a common finding in left-sided heart failure?
A. Hepatomegaly
B. Jugular venous distention
C. Pulmonary congestion and dyspnea
D. Peripheral edema
Answer: C – Pulmonary congestion and dyspnea
Rationale: Left heart failure causes blood to back up into the lungs.
---
8. A 19-year-old college student presents with sudden-onset fever, sore throat, cervical
lymphadenopathy, and fatigue. Monospot test is positive. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Streptococcal pharyngitis
B. Influenza
C. Infectious mononucleosis
D. Meningitis
Answer: C – Infectious mononucleosis
Rationale: Caused by Epstein-Barr virus, mono typically presents with these findings.
---
, 9. Which of the following is an example of reversible cellular injury?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Fatty liver change due to alcohol
D. Caseous necrosis
Answer: C – Fatty liver change due to alcohol
Rationale: Fatty change is a reversible adaptation to chronic injury.
---
10. A patient with COPD develops confusion, headache, and drowsiness. ABG shows pH 7.28,
PaCO₂ 60 mmHg. What acid-base disturbance is present?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Respiratory alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: C – Respiratory acidosis
Rationale: CO₂ retention leads to respiratory acidosis.
---
11. What is the hallmark pathophysiological finding in Alzheimer’s disease?
A. Autoimmune attack on myelin
Answers) Latest update 2024/2025.
1. What is the primary role of the sodium-potassium pump in cells?
A. Synthesizing proteins
B. Generating ATP
C. Maintaining resting membrane potential
D. Facilitating calcium influx
Answer: C – Maintaining resting membrane potential
Rationale: The Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase actively maintains ion gradients, which are vital for cell
excitability.
2. A 28-year-old woman with asthma presents with wheezing and shortness of breath. Which
pathophysiological mechanism is primarily responsible?
A. Pulmonary fibrosis
B. Loss of surfactant
C. Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
D. Destruction of alveolar walls
Answer: C – Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
Rationale: Asthma is characterized by hyperresponsiveness, leading to airway narrowing.
3. Which immune cell type is primarily responsible for producing antibodies?
A. Macrophages
B. B lymphocytes
C. T helper cells
D. NK cells
,Answer: B – B lymphocytes
Rationale: B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibodies.
4. A patient is admitted with a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). What key lab findings
are expected?
A. Metabolic alkalosis and hypoglycemia
B. Respiratory acidosis and low ketones
C. Hyperglycemia, low pH, positive serum ketones
D. Normal glucose and elevated sodium
Answer: C – Hyperglycemia, low pH, positive serum ketones
Rationale: DKA results from insulin deficiency, leading to ketosis and acidosis.
5. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE and is responsible for anaphylaxis?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer: A – Type I
Rationale: Type I reactions are immediate
6. A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. What is the most likely cause?
A. Hemolysis
B. Iron deficiency
C. Erythropoietin deficiency
D. Vitamin B12 deficiency
Answer: C – Erythropoietin deficiency
Rationale: Damaged kidneys produce less erythropoietin, leading to reduced RBC production.
,---
7. Which of the following is a common finding in left-sided heart failure?
A. Hepatomegaly
B. Jugular venous distention
C. Pulmonary congestion and dyspnea
D. Peripheral edema
Answer: C – Pulmonary congestion and dyspnea
Rationale: Left heart failure causes blood to back up into the lungs.
---
8. A 19-year-old college student presents with sudden-onset fever, sore throat, cervical
lymphadenopathy, and fatigue. Monospot test is positive. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Streptococcal pharyngitis
B. Influenza
C. Infectious mononucleosis
D. Meningitis
Answer: C – Infectious mononucleosis
Rationale: Caused by Epstein-Barr virus, mono typically presents with these findings.
---
, 9. Which of the following is an example of reversible cellular injury?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Fatty liver change due to alcohol
D. Caseous necrosis
Answer: C – Fatty liver change due to alcohol
Rationale: Fatty change is a reversible adaptation to chronic injury.
---
10. A patient with COPD develops confusion, headache, and drowsiness. ABG shows pH 7.28,
PaCO₂ 60 mmHg. What acid-base disturbance is present?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Respiratory alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: C – Respiratory acidosis
Rationale: CO₂ retention leads to respiratory acidosis.
---
11. What is the hallmark pathophysiological finding in Alzheimer’s disease?
A. Autoimmune attack on myelin
