SCOREBUILDER PEAT PTA EXAM
This energy system provides immediate energy through the breakdown of these stored
high energy phosphates. If this energy system is 'fully stocked' it will provide energy for
maximal intensity, short duration exercise for between10-15 seconds before it fatigues -
answer:-ATP-PC Energy system
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine (PC).
ATP-PC (phosphagen system, anaerobic glycolysis system (lactic acid) and aerobic
(oxygen ) system - answer:-What are the bodys 3 sources of ATP
Every muscle cell has some amount of ATP. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the way
your body uses biochemicals to store and use energy. There is enough ATP in the cell
that the muscle can use immediately, but only enough to last for about three seconds.
The muscle must replenish the ATP levels quickly, using a high-energy phosphate
compound called creatine phosphate.
An enzyme called creatine kinase removes the phosphate group from creatine
phosphate and transfers it to ADP to form ATP. The cell then turns ATP into ADP, and
then the phosphagen turns the ADP back into ATP. The muscle continues to work, and
the creatine phosphate levels begin to decrease. The ATP levels and creatine
phosphate levels working together are called the phosphagen system. This phosphagen
system supplies the energy needs of working muscle, but only for 8 to 10 seconds. -
answer:-Phosphagen System
ATP production during high intensity, short duration exercise *provides energy for up to
15 sec. - answer:-What is the phosphagen system used for ?
-Major supplier of ATP *Stored glycogen is split into glucose and than into pyruvic acid.
- the energy released is ATP.
-results in formation of lactic acid
*Does not require o2
-Only uses carbohydrates (glycogen and glucose)
-Releases enough energy for the resynthesis of only small amounts of ATP. - answer:-
Anaerobic Glycolysis -
high intensity, short duration exercise - answer:-Anaerobic glycolysis system supplies
ATP during what?>
used during low intensity, long duration exercise such as running a marathon.
*Yields the most ATP but required complex chemical reactions
*This system will provide energy as long as there are nutrients to utilize. - answer:-
Aerobic metabolism
,SCOREBUILDER PEAT PTA EXAM
low intensity, long duration activities, - amount of ATP production is greaters but
requires a complicated series of chemical reactions - answer:-Aerobic system supplies
ATP during ?
Anatomical Position - answer:-Erect posture of the body with the face forward, feet
pointing forward and slightly apart, arms at the side, and palms forward with fingers and
thumbs in extension .
Frontal -divides body into anterior and posterior sections Ex: Abduction and Adduction
sagittal - Divides body into right and left sections Ex: Flexion and Extension
transverse -divides body into upper and lower sections Ex: medial and lateral rotation -
answer:-3 cardinal planes of the body
Suture, Syndesmosis, Gomphosis - answer:-Fibrous Joints (there are 3)
Synarthroses - answer:-Another term for fibrous joints
Skull
-union of 2 bones by a ligament or membrane
-immovable joint - answer:-Example of a suture joint
Ex: tibia and fibula with interosseous membrane
-bone connected to bone by a dense fibrous membrane or cord
-very little motion - answer:-Ex: of syndesmosis
Ex: Tooth in socket
-2 bony surfaces connect as a peg in a hole - answer:-Ex: of gomphosis
synchondrosis and symphysis - answer:-2 types of cartilaginous joints
amphiarthroses - answer:-Another term for cartilaginous joints
Ex: sternum and true rib articulation
*Provides SLIGHT motion
-hyaline cartilage
-cartilage adjoints two ossifying centers of bone
-provides stability during growth - answer:-Synchondrosis
Ex: pubic symphysis
*Provides SLIGHT motion
-2 bones covered with hyaline cartilage and connected by fibrocartilage - answer:-
Symphysis
,SCOREBUILDER PEAT PTA EXAM
Uniaxial joint
biaxial joint
multi-axial joint - answer:-3 Types of synovial joints
diarthroses - Free movement - answer:-another name for synovial joints
*Provide what type of movement?
Synovial - answer:-Which joints are them most complex and vulnerable to injury?
joint cavity, articular cartilage, snynovial membrane, synovial fluid and fibrous capsule -
answer:-Synovial joints have 5 distinguishing characteristics. what are they?
one motion around a single axis in one plane of the body
Ex: Hinge - elbow
Pivot - atlantoaxial joints - answer:-Give 2 examples of an uniaxial joint
Movement occurs in 2 planes and around 2 axes through the convex/concave surfaces.
-Condyloid- metacarpophalangeal joint of finger
-Saddle - carpometacarpal joint of the thumb - answer:-Biaxial joint
movement occurs in 3 planes and around 3 axes
Ex: plane (gliding)- carpal joints
ball and socket - hip joint - answer:-Multi-axial joint
free nerve endings, golgi ligaments endings, golgi-mazzoni corpuscles, pacinian
corpuscles and ruffini endings - answer:-Common joint receptors?
Location - Joint capsule, ligamets, synovium, fat pads
Sensitivity - sensitive to non-noxious mechanical stress and noxious mechanical or
biochemical stimuli
Distribution - all joints - answer:-Joint receptors (Free Nerve endings)
-Location
-Sensitivity
-Primary distribution
Location -fibrous layer of joint capsule
Sensitivity - high frequency vibration, acceleration, and high velocity changes in joint
position
Distribution - all joints
, SCOREBUILDER PEAT PTA EXAM
-Paciniform endings are located in the periosteum near the articular attachments and
the fibrous part of the joint capsule.
-They are active at onset and termination of movement, they have a low threshold of
movement, and they are rapidly adapting.
-They are the largest cutaneous receptor and they sense quick mechanical deformation
or vibrations.
-They can only inform they body of joint movements, not static position, and they are
particularly suited to signal movement velocity, as they have also been called
"acceleration receptors - answer:-Joint receptors (Pacinian Corpuscles)
Location
sensitivity
primary distribution
location - ligaments, adjacent to ligaments' bony attachment
*Active at the end of joint range
sensitivity - tension or stretch on ligaments
primary distribution - majority of joints - answer:-joint receptors (Golgi ligament endings)
location
sensitivity
primary distribution
location - fibrous layer of joint capsule
sensitivity - stretching of joint capsule; amplitude of velocity of joint position
Distribution - greater density in proximal joints particularly in capsular regions
Ruffini endings are found mainly in the joint capsule.
-They are active both at rest and in movement, they are slowly adapting, and they have
a low threshold for activation.
-Ruffini endings sense and are stimulated by a stretching in the tissue and other tactile
stimulation.
-They are innervated by Group II fibers (medium myelinated fibers). They signal the
position of the joint during movement since a flexing muscle causes a joint to move and
for a receptor to be stretched, but also when the muscle is extended and at a more
resting state. Thus, ruffini endings are capable of signaling static joint position, joint
movements, and direction and speed of movements. - answer:-Joint receptors (Ruffini
endings)
location
sensitivity
distribution
location - joint capsule
This energy system provides immediate energy through the breakdown of these stored
high energy phosphates. If this energy system is 'fully stocked' it will provide energy for
maximal intensity, short duration exercise for between10-15 seconds before it fatigues -
answer:-ATP-PC Energy system
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine (PC).
ATP-PC (phosphagen system, anaerobic glycolysis system (lactic acid) and aerobic
(oxygen ) system - answer:-What are the bodys 3 sources of ATP
Every muscle cell has some amount of ATP. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the way
your body uses biochemicals to store and use energy. There is enough ATP in the cell
that the muscle can use immediately, but only enough to last for about three seconds.
The muscle must replenish the ATP levels quickly, using a high-energy phosphate
compound called creatine phosphate.
An enzyme called creatine kinase removes the phosphate group from creatine
phosphate and transfers it to ADP to form ATP. The cell then turns ATP into ADP, and
then the phosphagen turns the ADP back into ATP. The muscle continues to work, and
the creatine phosphate levels begin to decrease. The ATP levels and creatine
phosphate levels working together are called the phosphagen system. This phosphagen
system supplies the energy needs of working muscle, but only for 8 to 10 seconds. -
answer:-Phosphagen System
ATP production during high intensity, short duration exercise *provides energy for up to
15 sec. - answer:-What is the phosphagen system used for ?
-Major supplier of ATP *Stored glycogen is split into glucose and than into pyruvic acid.
- the energy released is ATP.
-results in formation of lactic acid
*Does not require o2
-Only uses carbohydrates (glycogen and glucose)
-Releases enough energy for the resynthesis of only small amounts of ATP. - answer:-
Anaerobic Glycolysis -
high intensity, short duration exercise - answer:-Anaerobic glycolysis system supplies
ATP during what?>
used during low intensity, long duration exercise such as running a marathon.
*Yields the most ATP but required complex chemical reactions
*This system will provide energy as long as there are nutrients to utilize. - answer:-
Aerobic metabolism
,SCOREBUILDER PEAT PTA EXAM
low intensity, long duration activities, - amount of ATP production is greaters but
requires a complicated series of chemical reactions - answer:-Aerobic system supplies
ATP during ?
Anatomical Position - answer:-Erect posture of the body with the face forward, feet
pointing forward and slightly apart, arms at the side, and palms forward with fingers and
thumbs in extension .
Frontal -divides body into anterior and posterior sections Ex: Abduction and Adduction
sagittal - Divides body into right and left sections Ex: Flexion and Extension
transverse -divides body into upper and lower sections Ex: medial and lateral rotation -
answer:-3 cardinal planes of the body
Suture, Syndesmosis, Gomphosis - answer:-Fibrous Joints (there are 3)
Synarthroses - answer:-Another term for fibrous joints
Skull
-union of 2 bones by a ligament or membrane
-immovable joint - answer:-Example of a suture joint
Ex: tibia and fibula with interosseous membrane
-bone connected to bone by a dense fibrous membrane or cord
-very little motion - answer:-Ex: of syndesmosis
Ex: Tooth in socket
-2 bony surfaces connect as a peg in a hole - answer:-Ex: of gomphosis
synchondrosis and symphysis - answer:-2 types of cartilaginous joints
amphiarthroses - answer:-Another term for cartilaginous joints
Ex: sternum and true rib articulation
*Provides SLIGHT motion
-hyaline cartilage
-cartilage adjoints two ossifying centers of bone
-provides stability during growth - answer:-Synchondrosis
Ex: pubic symphysis
*Provides SLIGHT motion
-2 bones covered with hyaline cartilage and connected by fibrocartilage - answer:-
Symphysis
,SCOREBUILDER PEAT PTA EXAM
Uniaxial joint
biaxial joint
multi-axial joint - answer:-3 Types of synovial joints
diarthroses - Free movement - answer:-another name for synovial joints
*Provide what type of movement?
Synovial - answer:-Which joints are them most complex and vulnerable to injury?
joint cavity, articular cartilage, snynovial membrane, synovial fluid and fibrous capsule -
answer:-Synovial joints have 5 distinguishing characteristics. what are they?
one motion around a single axis in one plane of the body
Ex: Hinge - elbow
Pivot - atlantoaxial joints - answer:-Give 2 examples of an uniaxial joint
Movement occurs in 2 planes and around 2 axes through the convex/concave surfaces.
-Condyloid- metacarpophalangeal joint of finger
-Saddle - carpometacarpal joint of the thumb - answer:-Biaxial joint
movement occurs in 3 planes and around 3 axes
Ex: plane (gliding)- carpal joints
ball and socket - hip joint - answer:-Multi-axial joint
free nerve endings, golgi ligaments endings, golgi-mazzoni corpuscles, pacinian
corpuscles and ruffini endings - answer:-Common joint receptors?
Location - Joint capsule, ligamets, synovium, fat pads
Sensitivity - sensitive to non-noxious mechanical stress and noxious mechanical or
biochemical stimuli
Distribution - all joints - answer:-Joint receptors (Free Nerve endings)
-Location
-Sensitivity
-Primary distribution
Location -fibrous layer of joint capsule
Sensitivity - high frequency vibration, acceleration, and high velocity changes in joint
position
Distribution - all joints
, SCOREBUILDER PEAT PTA EXAM
-Paciniform endings are located in the periosteum near the articular attachments and
the fibrous part of the joint capsule.
-They are active at onset and termination of movement, they have a low threshold of
movement, and they are rapidly adapting.
-They are the largest cutaneous receptor and they sense quick mechanical deformation
or vibrations.
-They can only inform they body of joint movements, not static position, and they are
particularly suited to signal movement velocity, as they have also been called
"acceleration receptors - answer:-Joint receptors (Pacinian Corpuscles)
Location
sensitivity
primary distribution
location - ligaments, adjacent to ligaments' bony attachment
*Active at the end of joint range
sensitivity - tension or stretch on ligaments
primary distribution - majority of joints - answer:-joint receptors (Golgi ligament endings)
location
sensitivity
primary distribution
location - fibrous layer of joint capsule
sensitivity - stretching of joint capsule; amplitude of velocity of joint position
Distribution - greater density in proximal joints particularly in capsular regions
Ruffini endings are found mainly in the joint capsule.
-They are active both at rest and in movement, they are slowly adapting, and they have
a low threshold for activation.
-Ruffini endings sense and are stimulated by a stretching in the tissue and other tactile
stimulation.
-They are innervated by Group II fibers (medium myelinated fibers). They signal the
position of the joint during movement since a flexing muscle causes a joint to move and
for a receptor to be stretched, but also when the muscle is extended and at a more
resting state. Thus, ruffini endings are capable of signaling static joint position, joint
movements, and direction and speed of movements. - answer:-Joint receptors (Ruffini
endings)
location
sensitivity
distribution
location - joint capsule
