Samenvatting European and International Law
Inhoudsopgave
INFORMATION .............................................................................................................................................. 2
1. FREE MOVEMENTS OF GOODS........................................................................................................... 4
2. CITIZENSHIP OF THE UNION .............................................................................................................. 5
3. FREE MOVEMENTS OF PERSONS ....................................................................................................... 5
3. FREE MOVEMENTS OF SERVICES ....................................................................................................... 6
COMPETITETION ........................................................................................................................................ 7
INTRODUCTIONTO ROME 1/ECO ............................................................................................................. 10
LAW APPLICABLE TO INTERNATIONAL TORTS/ROME 2 = onrechtmatige daad............................................ 10
REGULATIONS/INTRODUCTION TO EEX (Brussels 1 Recast) = find the competent judge............................ 11
ARBITRATION = not Brussels and you have a judge, you don’t need to go to court ....................................... 11
THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS ................................................................................. 12
Articles ....................................................................................................................................................... 13
TREATY OF THE FUNCTIONING OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (TFEU) ............................................................ 13
Art. 3 TFEU ............................................................................................................................................... 13
Art. 4 and Art. 6 TFEU................................................................................................................................ 13
Art. 20 TFEU ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Art. 23 TFEU ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Art. 288 TFEU ........................................................................................................................................... 14
Art. 289 TFEU ........................................................................................................................................... 14
TREATY ON EUROPEAN UNION (TEU) ....................................................................................................... 15
Art. 2 TEU ................................................................................................................................................. 15
Art. 5 TEU ................................................................................................................................................. 15
Art. 9 TEU ................................................................................................................................................. 15
Art. 10 TEU ............................................................................................................................................... 15
Art. 13 TEU ............................................................................................................................................... 15
Art. 14 TEU ............................................................................................................................................... 15
Art. 49 TEU ............................................................................................................................................... 16
Art. 50 TEU ............................................................................................................................................... 16
,INFORMATION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The idea of a united Europe got more relevant after the 2de WW. Countries where destroyed and:
1. Principle of co-existence
2. Principle of cooperation
→ from 1 to 2, the shift towards a Europe
Driving forces were:
1. The need for lasting peace clearly recognised by people of Europe
2. The need to develop economic ties between Western-European countries in order to restore economy
destroyed by the war. Where the main forces were the USA and USSR, as well as the collapse colonial
system, as a result of which Western Europe lost its former political weight and many more markets.
Dates:
- May 1984: the European Congress was held in the Hague containing of 16 EU-countries and observers from
the USA and Canada
o The result of the Congress was the formation of the Council of Europe, which began to operate in May
1949
- April 1951: the six signed a Treaty on European Coal and Steel Community in Paris for a period of 50 years
- 1957: established the European Economic Community (EEC, Common Market) and European Atomic
Energy Community (Euratom)
o The EEC was established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957, which entered into force on January 1st 1958.
In 1959 members of the EEC created the European Parlement, a representative advisory and later
legislative body.
- January 1960: Great Britain and a number of other countries that were not members of the EEC formed an
alternative organisation, the European Free Trade Association
- In 1967: the European Communities (EC) was born through merging (1) the
European Coal and Steel Community, (2) the European Economic Community and (2) the European Atomic
Energy Community
- 1992: all members states of the European Community signed the Treaty of Maastricht, establishing the
European Union. The Treaty established tree pillars of the EU:
1. Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
2. Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
3. General policy in the field of internal affairs and justice
- 1997: the Treaty of Amsterdam was signed by members of the EU and entered into force in 1999. The main
changes to the Treaty of Amsterdam concerned:
o Common Foreign and Security Policy
o Creation of a ‘space of freedom, security and law and order’
o Coordination of justice, counter terrorism and organized crime
INTRODUCTION TO EUROPEAN UNION LAW
- Primary law = is constituted by Treaties laying down the legal framework of the EU
o Treaty on European Union (TEU)
o Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU)
- Secondary law = is composed of legal instruments based on the Treaties
o Regulations
o directives
o Decisions
o Case law of ECJ
Creation of European Law:
, Each political community needs institutions to govern its society. TEU and TFEU establish a number
institutions to make, execute or adjudicate European Law
Sources of EU Law:
1. Treaties → TFEU and TEU
2. Regulations (art. 288 TFEU) → directly applicable in Member States so no translation to national law
3. Directives (art. 288 TFEU) → product liability, agency etc. is an instrument for harmonisation, must be
transposed into national law within certain time period
4. Decisions (art. 288 TFEU) → for restrictive practice
Legislative Procedures:
Art. 289 TFEU distinguish two types of legislative procedures:
1. Ordinary procedure (Art. 294 + 297 TFEU): the European Parliament and the Council act as co-legislators
with symmetric procedural rights = the product of a joint adoption by both institutions
2. Special procedure (art. 289 TFEU): abandon the institutional equality between the European Parliament
and the Council
a. Consent procedure: The European Parliament acts as the dominant institution, with the mere
participation of the Council in the form of ‘consent’ → The European Parliament has the final say.
The Council can only say yes or no, they cannot change the content.
b. Consultation procedure: The Counsil is the dominant institution with the European Parliament either
participating through its consent or in the form of ‘consultation’ → The Council has the final say.
The Parliament gives advice, but the Council does not have to follow it.
▪ Consent = Parliament is boss, Council approves or blocks.
▪ Consultation = Council is boss, Parliament gives advice.
Enforcement:
Each state can choose the relationship between its domestic law and international law, two constitutional
theories:
1. Monism: states make international law part of their domestic legal order, international law here directly
apply as if it were domestic law → international law automatically becomes part of national law
2. Dualism: in states international law is viewed as the law between states, national law is the law within
states. international law needs to be transported or incorporated into domestic law → international
institutions apply international law and national institutions apply national law
How it works in national courts:
- Direct applicability: EU law would be directly applicable in the national legal orders and it was to be
enforced in national courts. Direct applicability applies to certain EU acts and means that they do not first
need to be transposed into national law → not need to be translated or changed by national governments
- Direct effect: enables individuals to immediately invoke a European provision before a national or
European court. This principle only relates to certain European acts → people can use certain EU rules
directly in court, without needing the national government to do anything first.
o Vertical direct effect: is of consequence in relations between individuals and the country. This means
that individuals can invoke a European provision in relation to the country → Public bodies
(governments, public institutions); You can use EU law against the state or a public authority
o Horizontal direct effect: is consequential in relations between individuals. This means that an
individual can invoke a European provision in relation to another individual → Private parties
(companies, employers); You can use EU law against another person or company
Inhoudsopgave
INFORMATION .............................................................................................................................................. 2
1. FREE MOVEMENTS OF GOODS........................................................................................................... 4
2. CITIZENSHIP OF THE UNION .............................................................................................................. 5
3. FREE MOVEMENTS OF PERSONS ....................................................................................................... 5
3. FREE MOVEMENTS OF SERVICES ....................................................................................................... 6
COMPETITETION ........................................................................................................................................ 7
INTRODUCTIONTO ROME 1/ECO ............................................................................................................. 10
LAW APPLICABLE TO INTERNATIONAL TORTS/ROME 2 = onrechtmatige daad............................................ 10
REGULATIONS/INTRODUCTION TO EEX (Brussels 1 Recast) = find the competent judge............................ 11
ARBITRATION = not Brussels and you have a judge, you don’t need to go to court ....................................... 11
THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS ................................................................................. 12
Articles ....................................................................................................................................................... 13
TREATY OF THE FUNCTIONING OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (TFEU) ............................................................ 13
Art. 3 TFEU ............................................................................................................................................... 13
Art. 4 and Art. 6 TFEU................................................................................................................................ 13
Art. 20 TFEU ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Art. 23 TFEU ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Art. 288 TFEU ........................................................................................................................................... 14
Art. 289 TFEU ........................................................................................................................................... 14
TREATY ON EUROPEAN UNION (TEU) ....................................................................................................... 15
Art. 2 TEU ................................................................................................................................................. 15
Art. 5 TEU ................................................................................................................................................. 15
Art. 9 TEU ................................................................................................................................................. 15
Art. 10 TEU ............................................................................................................................................... 15
Art. 13 TEU ............................................................................................................................................... 15
Art. 14 TEU ............................................................................................................................................... 15
Art. 49 TEU ............................................................................................................................................... 16
Art. 50 TEU ............................................................................................................................................... 16
,INFORMATION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The idea of a united Europe got more relevant after the 2de WW. Countries where destroyed and:
1. Principle of co-existence
2. Principle of cooperation
→ from 1 to 2, the shift towards a Europe
Driving forces were:
1. The need for lasting peace clearly recognised by people of Europe
2. The need to develop economic ties between Western-European countries in order to restore economy
destroyed by the war. Where the main forces were the USA and USSR, as well as the collapse colonial
system, as a result of which Western Europe lost its former political weight and many more markets.
Dates:
- May 1984: the European Congress was held in the Hague containing of 16 EU-countries and observers from
the USA and Canada
o The result of the Congress was the formation of the Council of Europe, which began to operate in May
1949
- April 1951: the six signed a Treaty on European Coal and Steel Community in Paris for a period of 50 years
- 1957: established the European Economic Community (EEC, Common Market) and European Atomic
Energy Community (Euratom)
o The EEC was established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957, which entered into force on January 1st 1958.
In 1959 members of the EEC created the European Parlement, a representative advisory and later
legislative body.
- January 1960: Great Britain and a number of other countries that were not members of the EEC formed an
alternative organisation, the European Free Trade Association
- In 1967: the European Communities (EC) was born through merging (1) the
European Coal and Steel Community, (2) the European Economic Community and (2) the European Atomic
Energy Community
- 1992: all members states of the European Community signed the Treaty of Maastricht, establishing the
European Union. The Treaty established tree pillars of the EU:
1. Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
2. Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
3. General policy in the field of internal affairs and justice
- 1997: the Treaty of Amsterdam was signed by members of the EU and entered into force in 1999. The main
changes to the Treaty of Amsterdam concerned:
o Common Foreign and Security Policy
o Creation of a ‘space of freedom, security and law and order’
o Coordination of justice, counter terrorism and organized crime
INTRODUCTION TO EUROPEAN UNION LAW
- Primary law = is constituted by Treaties laying down the legal framework of the EU
o Treaty on European Union (TEU)
o Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU)
- Secondary law = is composed of legal instruments based on the Treaties
o Regulations
o directives
o Decisions
o Case law of ECJ
Creation of European Law:
, Each political community needs institutions to govern its society. TEU and TFEU establish a number
institutions to make, execute or adjudicate European Law
Sources of EU Law:
1. Treaties → TFEU and TEU
2. Regulations (art. 288 TFEU) → directly applicable in Member States so no translation to national law
3. Directives (art. 288 TFEU) → product liability, agency etc. is an instrument for harmonisation, must be
transposed into national law within certain time period
4. Decisions (art. 288 TFEU) → for restrictive practice
Legislative Procedures:
Art. 289 TFEU distinguish two types of legislative procedures:
1. Ordinary procedure (Art. 294 + 297 TFEU): the European Parliament and the Council act as co-legislators
with symmetric procedural rights = the product of a joint adoption by both institutions
2. Special procedure (art. 289 TFEU): abandon the institutional equality between the European Parliament
and the Council
a. Consent procedure: The European Parliament acts as the dominant institution, with the mere
participation of the Council in the form of ‘consent’ → The European Parliament has the final say.
The Council can only say yes or no, they cannot change the content.
b. Consultation procedure: The Counsil is the dominant institution with the European Parliament either
participating through its consent or in the form of ‘consultation’ → The Council has the final say.
The Parliament gives advice, but the Council does not have to follow it.
▪ Consent = Parliament is boss, Council approves or blocks.
▪ Consultation = Council is boss, Parliament gives advice.
Enforcement:
Each state can choose the relationship between its domestic law and international law, two constitutional
theories:
1. Monism: states make international law part of their domestic legal order, international law here directly
apply as if it were domestic law → international law automatically becomes part of national law
2. Dualism: in states international law is viewed as the law between states, national law is the law within
states. international law needs to be transported or incorporated into domestic law → international
institutions apply international law and national institutions apply national law
How it works in national courts:
- Direct applicability: EU law would be directly applicable in the national legal orders and it was to be
enforced in national courts. Direct applicability applies to certain EU acts and means that they do not first
need to be transposed into national law → not need to be translated or changed by national governments
- Direct effect: enables individuals to immediately invoke a European provision before a national or
European court. This principle only relates to certain European acts → people can use certain EU rules
directly in court, without needing the national government to do anything first.
o Vertical direct effect: is of consequence in relations between individuals and the country. This means
that individuals can invoke a European provision in relation to the country → Public bodies
(governments, public institutions); You can use EU law against the state or a public authority
o Horizontal direct effect: is consequential in relations between individuals. This means that an
individual can invoke a European provision in relation to another individual → Private parties
(companies, employers); You can use EU law against another person or company
