NSG 120 FINAL EXAM
1. Ruptured Tympanic Membrane: Any type of tear or injury to the eardrum causes a breach
in the integrity of the membrane. This may be the result of pressure,force, or insult from the
exterior aspect, or it may be caused by increased pressure
within the middle ear. Symptoms may include slight pain, partial hearing loss, or
discharge/bleeding from the ear
2. Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV): usually a vestibular system disorder. The
patient complains of his/her head spinning, becoming worse with movement of the head. They
also may complain of a feeling that their surroundingsare moving.
3. Common Cold (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention): Viral infection. Mu-cous
membranes of the nose and pharynx are swollen and red. Fever, headache, sore throat, cough.
Although difficult to avoid, hand hygiene can help with prevention.Rest and consumption of
fluids to "treat".
4. Sinusitis (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention): Bacterial, secondary toa cold, that has
obstructed a drainage passageway.
Symptoms: pain in facial bones, congestion, fever, sore throat.Prevention with hand hygiene,
treatment with antibiotics.
5. Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup) (signs/symptoms, treatment, preven-tion): Viral
infection in toddlers. Upper respiratory congestion, barking cough, hoarse voice, stridor.
Usually recovers on its own but humidifier may help
6. Influenza (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention): Viral infection affectingupper and
lower respiratory tract. Differs from the common cold because it has
a sudden, acute onset with fever, fatigue, and body aches. Secondary problem isbacterial
pneumonia.
7. Scarlet Fever (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention): upper respiratory infection caused
by streptococcus pyrogenes. Fever, sore throat, rash, and "Straw-berry tongue". Can generally
be treated with acetaminophen. Antihistamines reducesecretions. Secondary infection may
include strep throat.
8. Pneumonia (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention): S/S: Inflammation of the lungs:
unilateral, bilateral, or all of infected lungThe larger area affected, the more severe
Adults: Cough, fever, shortness of breath at rest, chills, sweating, chest pain,cyanosis, blood in
sputum
Infant/Child: "panting" or shallow, rapid respirations
Aspiration: aspiration of liquids or material into tracheobronchial tree
Treatment:
Based on the cause of the pneumonia
,Organism-specific antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia Tetracycline drugs, erythromycin,
doxycycline, sulfonamidesMycoplasma treat with broad spectrum antibiotics
Fungal infections treat with anti-fungal
Viral infections treat with antiviral agents
Use of analgesics, oxygen therapy, bed rest, increased fluid intake, high calorie diet, postural
drainage beneficial
Prevention:
Pneumococcal vaccine
9. Cystic Fibrosis (S&S and Tx): Inherited disorder in childhood. Defect in ex- ocrine
glands causing abnormally thick, tenacious sputum that obstructs the lungs.Distended
abdomen, steatorrhea, failure to maintain weight and hit normal growth milestones. Requires
replacement therapy for pancreatic enzymes, a well balanceddiet, and intensive chest
physiotherapy
10. Lung Cancer (S&S and Tx): Benign is rare. 3rd most common cancer. Obstruc- tion of
airflow by tumor growth, Inflammation stimulates a cough, and usual systemic effects of cancer.
Lung cancer is not always detected right away because it is masked with predisposing factors
such as smoking.
Early signs include a persistent cough, dyspnea, wheezing, detection on an x-ray, hemoptysis,
chest pain. Treatment may include chemotherapy or resection.
11. Aspiration (S&S and Tx): Passage of fluid, food, vomit, etc. into the trachea andlungs. Right
lung is often the destination for these things. This can lead to coughing,choking, stridor,
wheezing, tachycardia, tachypnea. Easier to prevent than treat. Prevention... don't choke on
things (:
12. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (S&S and Tx): Pharyngeal tissues collapse during sleep leading
to periods of apnea (cessation of breathing). Usually diagnosed whena sleeping partner notices
loud snoring and intermittent gasps for air. Related to chronic hypoxia and fatigue, Diabetes,
pulmonary hypertension, right sided CHF, Erectile Dysfunction, Depression, and Daytime
sleepiness. Treatment involves the use of a CPAP machine.
13. Asthma (S&S and Tx): Includes period episodes of severe bronchial obstructionin those
with hypersensitive or hyper-reactive airways. May be acute (happening once) or chronic
(lifetime). Inflammation, edema, increased secretions, contractionof smooth muscle. Cough,
dyspnea, wheezing, tight chest, pt unable to talk. Treat with avoidance of triggers, good
ventilation, and prophylactic medications.
14. COPD: A group of chronic lung diseases characterized by progressive tissue
degeneration and obstruction of lung airways. Some of these include Emphysema,Chronic
Bronchitis, and asthma
, 15. Emphysema: Destruction of the alveolar wall which leads to permanent damageand
permanently inflated alveolar air sacs. BARREL CHEST. Loss of surface areafor gas
exchange, loss of pulmonary capillaries, and loss of elasticity. Dyspnea,
hyperventilation, anorexia (may occur), fatigue, clubbed fingers. Treatment mayinclude
pulmonary rehab, bronchodilators, diet, breathing techniques.
16. Chronic Bronchitis: [Infection] Changes in the bronchi from constant irritationfrom
smoking or environmental factors. Constant productive cough, tachypnea, SOB, airway
obstruction
17. ABG analysis for exam: METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
18. Hydronephoresis: abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis caused by pressurefrom urine that
cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract.
19. Urolithiasis: Also known as kidney stones/ calculi. These are very common ifunderlying
causes is not treated
20. Pathogenesis: The development of the disease or the sequence of events in-volved in the
tissue changes related to the specific disease process.
21. Onset: sudden OR acute- An acute disease indicates a short-term illness that develops
quickly with marked signs such as high fever or severe pain—for example,acute appendicitis;
onset may be insidious, best described as a gradual progressionwith only vague or very mild
signs.
22. Chronic: often a milder condition developing gradually, such as rheumatoid arthri- tis, but it
persists for a long time and usually causes more permanent tissue damage. Often a chronic
disease is marked by intermittent acute episodes.
23. Subclinical (stage/phase): in which pathologic changes occur but the patient exhibits no
obvious manifestations, perhaps because of the great reserve capacityof some organs.
24. Latent stage: "silent" stage, in which no clinical signs are evident, characterizes some
diseases. In infectious diseases this stage may be referred to as the incubation period, which is the
time between exposure to the microorganism and the onset of signs or symptoms; it may last for
a day or so or may be prolonged, perhaps for daysor weeks.
25. Disease transmission of an insect bite: The injury occurs when the insect eitherbites or
stings the patient. Venom is injected into the tissue, resulting in the body's response to a
foreign protein.
26. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever/Tick Bite disease transmission: The causative agent,
Rickettsia rickettsii, is transmitted by the wood tick and is carried in the feces of infected ticks.
It is introduced into the bloodstream of a person duringa prolonged tick bite.
27. Symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Class triad: headache, fever,
maculopapular rash (bumps and petechial rash)
high fever
1. Ruptured Tympanic Membrane: Any type of tear or injury to the eardrum causes a breach
in the integrity of the membrane. This may be the result of pressure,force, or insult from the
exterior aspect, or it may be caused by increased pressure
within the middle ear. Symptoms may include slight pain, partial hearing loss, or
discharge/bleeding from the ear
2. Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV): usually a vestibular system disorder. The
patient complains of his/her head spinning, becoming worse with movement of the head. They
also may complain of a feeling that their surroundingsare moving.
3. Common Cold (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention): Viral infection. Mu-cous
membranes of the nose and pharynx are swollen and red. Fever, headache, sore throat, cough.
Although difficult to avoid, hand hygiene can help with prevention.Rest and consumption of
fluids to "treat".
4. Sinusitis (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention): Bacterial, secondary toa cold, that has
obstructed a drainage passageway.
Symptoms: pain in facial bones, congestion, fever, sore throat.Prevention with hand hygiene,
treatment with antibiotics.
5. Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup) (signs/symptoms, treatment, preven-tion): Viral
infection in toddlers. Upper respiratory congestion, barking cough, hoarse voice, stridor.
Usually recovers on its own but humidifier may help
6. Influenza (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention): Viral infection affectingupper and
lower respiratory tract. Differs from the common cold because it has
a sudden, acute onset with fever, fatigue, and body aches. Secondary problem isbacterial
pneumonia.
7. Scarlet Fever (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention): upper respiratory infection caused
by streptococcus pyrogenes. Fever, sore throat, rash, and "Straw-berry tongue". Can generally
be treated with acetaminophen. Antihistamines reducesecretions. Secondary infection may
include strep throat.
8. Pneumonia (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention): S/S: Inflammation of the lungs:
unilateral, bilateral, or all of infected lungThe larger area affected, the more severe
Adults: Cough, fever, shortness of breath at rest, chills, sweating, chest pain,cyanosis, blood in
sputum
Infant/Child: "panting" or shallow, rapid respirations
Aspiration: aspiration of liquids or material into tracheobronchial tree
Treatment:
Based on the cause of the pneumonia
,Organism-specific antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia Tetracycline drugs, erythromycin,
doxycycline, sulfonamidesMycoplasma treat with broad spectrum antibiotics
Fungal infections treat with anti-fungal
Viral infections treat with antiviral agents
Use of analgesics, oxygen therapy, bed rest, increased fluid intake, high calorie diet, postural
drainage beneficial
Prevention:
Pneumococcal vaccine
9. Cystic Fibrosis (S&S and Tx): Inherited disorder in childhood. Defect in ex- ocrine
glands causing abnormally thick, tenacious sputum that obstructs the lungs.Distended
abdomen, steatorrhea, failure to maintain weight and hit normal growth milestones. Requires
replacement therapy for pancreatic enzymes, a well balanceddiet, and intensive chest
physiotherapy
10. Lung Cancer (S&S and Tx): Benign is rare. 3rd most common cancer. Obstruc- tion of
airflow by tumor growth, Inflammation stimulates a cough, and usual systemic effects of cancer.
Lung cancer is not always detected right away because it is masked with predisposing factors
such as smoking.
Early signs include a persistent cough, dyspnea, wheezing, detection on an x-ray, hemoptysis,
chest pain. Treatment may include chemotherapy or resection.
11. Aspiration (S&S and Tx): Passage of fluid, food, vomit, etc. into the trachea andlungs. Right
lung is often the destination for these things. This can lead to coughing,choking, stridor,
wheezing, tachycardia, tachypnea. Easier to prevent than treat. Prevention... don't choke on
things (:
12. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (S&S and Tx): Pharyngeal tissues collapse during sleep leading
to periods of apnea (cessation of breathing). Usually diagnosed whena sleeping partner notices
loud snoring and intermittent gasps for air. Related to chronic hypoxia and fatigue, Diabetes,
pulmonary hypertension, right sided CHF, Erectile Dysfunction, Depression, and Daytime
sleepiness. Treatment involves the use of a CPAP machine.
13. Asthma (S&S and Tx): Includes period episodes of severe bronchial obstructionin those
with hypersensitive or hyper-reactive airways. May be acute (happening once) or chronic
(lifetime). Inflammation, edema, increased secretions, contractionof smooth muscle. Cough,
dyspnea, wheezing, tight chest, pt unable to talk. Treat with avoidance of triggers, good
ventilation, and prophylactic medications.
14. COPD: A group of chronic lung diseases characterized by progressive tissue
degeneration and obstruction of lung airways. Some of these include Emphysema,Chronic
Bronchitis, and asthma
, 15. Emphysema: Destruction of the alveolar wall which leads to permanent damageand
permanently inflated alveolar air sacs. BARREL CHEST. Loss of surface areafor gas
exchange, loss of pulmonary capillaries, and loss of elasticity. Dyspnea,
hyperventilation, anorexia (may occur), fatigue, clubbed fingers. Treatment mayinclude
pulmonary rehab, bronchodilators, diet, breathing techniques.
16. Chronic Bronchitis: [Infection] Changes in the bronchi from constant irritationfrom
smoking or environmental factors. Constant productive cough, tachypnea, SOB, airway
obstruction
17. ABG analysis for exam: METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
18. Hydronephoresis: abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis caused by pressurefrom urine that
cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract.
19. Urolithiasis: Also known as kidney stones/ calculi. These are very common ifunderlying
causes is not treated
20. Pathogenesis: The development of the disease or the sequence of events in-volved in the
tissue changes related to the specific disease process.
21. Onset: sudden OR acute- An acute disease indicates a short-term illness that develops
quickly with marked signs such as high fever or severe pain—for example,acute appendicitis;
onset may be insidious, best described as a gradual progressionwith only vague or very mild
signs.
22. Chronic: often a milder condition developing gradually, such as rheumatoid arthri- tis, but it
persists for a long time and usually causes more permanent tissue damage. Often a chronic
disease is marked by intermittent acute episodes.
23. Subclinical (stage/phase): in which pathologic changes occur but the patient exhibits no
obvious manifestations, perhaps because of the great reserve capacityof some organs.
24. Latent stage: "silent" stage, in which no clinical signs are evident, characterizes some
diseases. In infectious diseases this stage may be referred to as the incubation period, which is the
time between exposure to the microorganism and the onset of signs or symptoms; it may last for
a day or so or may be prolonged, perhaps for daysor weeks.
25. Disease transmission of an insect bite: The injury occurs when the insect eitherbites or
stings the patient. Venom is injected into the tissue, resulting in the body's response to a
foreign protein.
26. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever/Tick Bite disease transmission: The causative agent,
Rickettsia rickettsii, is transmitted by the wood tick and is carried in the feces of infected ticks.
It is introduced into the bloodstream of a person duringa prolonged tick bite.
27. Symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Class triad: headache, fever,
maculopapular rash (bumps and petechial rash)
high fever
